竹節蟲科
竹節蟲科 化石时期：森諾曼期－现代
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| Bactrododema tiaratum | |
科学分类 
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| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
| 纲： | 昆虫纲 Insecta |
| 目： | 竹節蟲目 Phasmatodea |
| 亚目： | 真䗛亞目 Euphasmatodea |
| 下目： | 脛平下目 Anareolatae |
| 科： | 竹節蟲科 Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 |
| 属 | |
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见正文 | |
| 多样性 | |
| 10個亞科 | |
| 異名 | |
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竹節蟲科（學名：Phasmatidae）是竹節蟲目真䗛亚目下的一個科[1]。竹節蟲研究組（PSG）認定本科包含10個亞科，但此定義應為複系群。
分類歷史
[编辑]竹節蟲科的分類地位仍不穩定，不同學者對其包含類群的定義均有差異[2]。過去竹節蟲科為一複系群，2001年有學者將竹節蟲亞科、幽靈竹節蟲亞科、短角棒䗛亞科、平头竹节虫亚科、Tropidoderinae與Xeroderinae等組成單系群的6個亞科合稱為「Lanceocercata」，即狹義（sensu stricto）的竹節蟲科類群[3]，後續研究將平头竹节虫亚科多數的屬改歸入大頭竹節蟲亞科，該亞科餘下的類群被認為不屬於Lanceocercata[4]。2008年有研究將長角棒䗛亞科從笛竹節蟲科移入本科，又把竹節蟲亞科進一步分拆出克䗛亞科（Clitumninae），並將Achriopterini與Stephanacridini兩個族自竹節蟲亞科移出，上述所有類群與另兩個亞科（Cladomorphinae、Eurycanthinae）共同組成廣義（sensu lato）的竹節蟲科[3]。有些研究認為克䗛亞科為複系群，Stephanacridini與Cladomorphinae和Lanceocercata的關係較為接近，但2019年的分子種系發生學研究結果顯示克䗛亞科為Lanceocercata的姊妹群[5]。
亞科
[编辑]根據竹節蟲研究組定義，竹節蟲科包含以下亞科[6]：
- Cladomorphinae：分布於馬達加斯加、爪哇島、蘇拉威西與南美洲
- 克䗛亞科 Clitumninae：分布於亞洲
- 幽靈竹節蟲亞科 Extatosomatinae：分布於澳洲
- 長角棒䗛亞科（Lonchodinae）[註 1]
- 大頭竹節蟲亞科 Megacraniinae：分布於澳大拉西亞與亞洲
- Monandropterinae：分布與亞洲與非洲
- 短角棒䗛亞科 Pachymorphinae：分布於亞洲、非洲與澳洲
- 竹節蟲亞科 Phasmatinae：分布於澳大拉西亞與亞洲
- 平头竹节虫亚科 Platycraninae：分布於澳大拉西亞與亞洲
- Tropidoderinae：分布於澳大拉西亞、亞洲與非洲
- Xeroderinae：分布於澳大拉西亞與亞洲
此外還有若干屬的地位未定，包括Achrioptera、Glawiana、Monoiognosis與Spathomorpha，皆分布於非洲（包含馬達加斯加）[6]。除現生的10科外，緬甸琥珀中發現的已滅絕屬Echinosomiscus也屬於竹節蟲科，被歸入另一亞科Echinosomiscinae[2]。
本科包括以下属：[8]
- Acanthoderus Gray, 1835
- Acanthoderus spinosus (Gray, 1834)
- Acanthograeffea Günther, 1932
- Acanthomima Kirby, 1904
- Acanthoxyla Uvarov, 1944
- Achrioptera Coquerel, 1861
- Acrophylla Gray, 1835
- Agamemnon Moxey, 1971
- Anchiale Stål, 1875
- Anchiole
- Anophelepis Westwood, 1859
- Aploploides Rehn & Hebard, 1938
- Aplopocranidium Zompro, 2004
- Apterograeffea Cliquennois & Brock, 2002
- Apteroplopus Hennemann, Conle & Perez-Gelabert, 2016
- Argosarchus Hutton, 1898
- Arphax Stål, 1875
- Baculomia Bresseel & Constant, 2019
- Baculonistria Hennemann & Conle, 2008
- Caledoniophasma Zompro, 2001
- Cephaloplopus Hennemann, Conle & Perez-Gelabert, 2016
- Cigarrophasma Brock & Hasenpusch, 2001
- Cladomorphus Gray, 1835
- Cladoxerus Peletier de Saint Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1828
- Clitarchus Stål, 1875
- Cnipsomorpha Hennemann, Conle, Zhang & Liu, 2008
- Cnipsus Redtenbacher, 1908
- Cotylosoma Wood-Mason, 1878
- Cranidium Westwood, 1843
- Ctenomorpha Gray, 1833
- Cuniculina Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
- Davidrentzia Brock & Hasenpusch, 2007
- Diagoras Stål, 1877
- Diapherodes Gray, 1835
- Didymuria Kirby, 1904
- Dimorphodes Westwood, 1859
- Dryococelus Gurney, 1947
- Echetlus Stål, 1875
- Ectentoria Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
- Entoria Stål, 1875
- Epicharmus Stål, 1875
- Erastus Redtenbacher, 1908
- Erringtonia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
- Eucarcharus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
- Eurycnema Audinet-Serville, 1838
- Extatosoma Gray, 1833
- Gigantophasma Sharp, 1898
- Glawiana Hennemann & Conle, 2004
- Gongylopus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
- Graeffea Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1868
- Guamuhaya Yong, 2017
- Haplopus Burmeister, 1838
- Hermachus Stål, 1875
- Hermarchus Stål, 1875
- Hesperophasma Rehn, 1901
- Heterophasma Redtenbacher, 1908
- Hirtuleius Stål, 1875
- Hypocyrtus Redtenbacher, 1908
- Interphasma Chen & He, 2008
- Jeremia Redtenbacher, 1908
- Jeremiodes Hennemann & Conle, 2007
- Lamponius Stål, 1875
- Leosthenes Stål, 1875
- Lobofemora Bresseel & Constant, 2015
- Lysicles Stål, 1877
- Macrophasma Hennemann & Conle, 2006
- Malandania Sjöstedt, 1918
- Mauritiophasma Cliquennois & Brock, 2004
- Medaura Stål, 1875
- Medauroidea Zompro, 2000
- Medauromorpha Bresseel & Constant, 2017
- Megacrania Kaup, 1871
- Mesentoria Chen & He, 2008
- Metentoria Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
- Micropodacanthus Brock & Hasenpusch, 2007
- Monandroptera Audinet-Serville, 1838
- Monogynacantha Cliquennois, 2021
- Monoiognosis Cliquennois & Brock, 2004
- Neomedaura Ho, 2020
- Neosinophasma Ho, 2017
- Neospiniphasma Ho, 2021
- Nesiophasma Günther, 1934
- Nisyrus Stål, 1877
- Onchestus Stål, 1877
- Ophicrania Kaup, 1871
- Otocraniella Zompro, 2004
- Parabactridium Redtenbacher, 1908
- Parabaculum Brock, 1999
- Paracranidium Brock, 1998
- Paractenomorpha Hennemann & Conle, 2004
- Paracyphocrania Redtenbacher, 1908
- Paraentoria Chen & He, 1997
- Paraleiophasma Chen & He, 2008
- Parapachymorpha Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
- Parapodacanthus Brock, 2003
- Paratropidoderus Brock & Hasenpusch, 2007
- Parhaplopus Hennemann, Conle & Perez-Gelabert, 2016
- Paronchestus Redtenbacher, 1908
- Peloriana Uvarov, 1940
- Pharnacia Stål, 1877
- Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796
- 筒胸竹節蟲屬 Phasmotaenia Navas, 1907
- Phobaeticus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
- Phryganistria Stål, 1875
- Phryganistria bachmaensis (Ta & Hoang, 2004)
- Phryganistria fruhstorferi (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907)
- Phryganistria grandis Rehn, 1906
- Phryganistria guangxiensis Chen & He, 2008
- Phryganistria heusii (Hennemann & Conle, 1997)[9]
- Phryganistria longzhouensis Chen & He, 2008
- Phryganistria tamdaoensis Bresseel & Constant, 2014
- Phryganistria virgea (Westwood, 1848)
- Platycrana Gray, 1835
- Podacanthus Gray, 1833
- Prosentoria Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
- Pseudoclitarchus Salmon, 1991
- Pterinoxylus Audinet-Serville, 1838
- Pterulina Bresseel & Constant, 2020
- Ramulus Saussure, 1862
- Rhamphophasma Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
- Rhaphiderus Audinet-Serville, 1838
- Rhynchacris Redtenbacher, 1908
- Sadyattes Stål, 1875
- Sigaruphasma Hennemann, Conle, Perez-Gelabert & Valero, 2020
- Sinoxenophasmina Ho, 2021
- Spathomorpha Cliquennois, 2005
- Stephanacris Redtenbacher, 1908
- Tainophasma Conle, Hennemann & Perez-Gelabert, 2014
- Taraxippus Moxey, 1971
- Tepakiphasma Buckley & Bradler, 2010
- Teruelphasma Yong, 2017
- Tirachoidea Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
- Tropidoderus Gray, 1835
- Vasilissa Kirby, 1896
- Venupherodes Hennemann, Conle & Perez-Gelabert, 2016
- Wattenwylia Piza, 1938
- Woodmasonia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
- Xenomaches Kirby, 1896
- Xenophasmina Uvarov, 1940
- Xeroderus Gray, 1835
- Xylodus Saussure, 1859
註腳
[编辑]參考文獻
[编辑]- ^ Phasmatidae. Phasmida SpeciesFile. Phasmid Study Group. 2009-09-28 [2011-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-04）.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Engel, Michael S.; Wang, Bo; Alqarni, Abdulaziz S. A thorny, 'anareolate' stick-insect (Phasmatidae s.l.) in Upper Cretaceous amber from Myanmar, with remarks on diversification times among Phasmatodea. Cretaceous Research. August 2016, 63: 45–53 [2022-02-10]. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.02.015. （原始内容存档于2022-06-21）.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 FRANK H. HENNEMANN, OSKAR V. CONLE. Revision of Oriental Phasmatodea: The tribe PharnaciiniGünther, 1953, including the description of the world's longestinsect, and a survey of the family Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 withkeys to the subfamilies and tribes(Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae": Phasmatidae). Zootaxa. 2008, 1906 (1): 15. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1906.1.1.
- ^ Hennemann FH. Megacraniinae-The Palm Stick Insects: A new subfamily of Old World Phasmatodea and a redefinition of Platycraninae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 (Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae").. Zootaxa. 2020, 4896 (2): zootaxa.4896.2.1 [2022-02-10]. PMID 33756861. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4896.2.1. （原始内容存档于2022-02-10） –通过ResearchGate.
- ^ Simon S, Letsch H, Bank S, Buckley TR, Donath A, Liu S, Machida R, Meusemann K, Misof B, Podsiadlowski L, Zhou X, Wipfler B and Bradler S. Old World and New World Phasmatodea: Phylogenomics Resolve the Evolutionary History of Stick and Leaf Insects.. Front. Ecol. Evol. 2019, 7: 345. doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00345.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 family Phasmatidae Leach, 1815. Phasmid Study Group. [2022-02-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-09）.
- ^
Robertson, James A.; Bradler, Sven; Whiting, Michael F. Evolution of Oviposition Techniques in Stick and Leaf Insects (Phasmatodea). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2018, 6. doi:10.3389/fevo.2018.00216
.
- ^ Phasmatidae. GBIF. [2023-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-05）.
- ^ Joachim Bresseel and Jérôme Constant. 2014. Giant Sticks from Vietnam and China, with Three New Taxa including the Second Longest Insect Known to Date (Phasmatodea, Phasmatidae, Clitumninae, Pharnaciini). European Journal of Taxonomy. 104: 1–38; doi: 10.5852/ejt.2014.104
- ^ World's Longest Insect Revealed. Natural History Museum. 2008-10-16 [2022-02-10]. （原始内容存档于2008-10-19）.
- ^ World's longest insect discovered in China. www.chinadaily.com.cn. 2016-05-05 [2020-03-27]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-27）.
