竹节虫科
竹节虫科 化石时期：森诺曼期－现代
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科学分类 
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| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
| 纲： | 昆虫纲 Insecta |
| 目： | 竹节虫目 Phasmatodea |
| 亚目： | 真䗛亚目 Euphasmatodea |
| 下目： | 胫平下目 Anareolatae |
| 科： | 竹节虫科 Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 |
| 属 | |
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见正文 | |
| 多样性 | |
| 10个亚科 | |
| 异名 | |
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竹节虫科（学名：Phasmatidae）是竹节虫目真䗛亚目下的一个科[1]。竹节虫研究组（PSG）认定本科包含10个亚科，但此定义应为复系群。
分类历史
[编辑]竹节虫科的分类地位仍不稳定，不同学者对其包含类群的定义均有差异[2]。过去竹节虫科为一复系群，2001年有学者将竹节虫亚科、幽灵竹节虫亚科、短角棒䗛亚科、平头竹节虫亚科、Tropidoderinae与Xeroderinae等组成单系群的6个亚科合称为“Lanceocercata”，即狭义（sensu stricto）的竹节虫科类群[3]，后续研究将平头竹节虫亚科多数的属改归入大头竹节虫亚科，该亚科馀下的类群被认为不属于Lanceocercata[4]。2008年有研究将长角棒䗛亚科从笛竹节虫科移入本科，又把竹节虫亚科进一步分拆出克䗛亚科（Clitumninae），并将Achriopterini与Stephanacridini两个族自竹节虫亚科移出，上述所有类群与另两个亚科（Cladomorphinae、Eurycanthinae）共同组成广义（sensu lato）的竹节虫科[3]。有些研究认为克䗛亚科为复系群，Stephanacridini与Cladomorphinae和Lanceocercata的关系较为接近，但2019年的分子种系发生学研究结果显示克䗛亚科为Lanceocercata的姊妹群[5]。
亚科
[编辑]根据竹节虫研究组定义，竹节虫科包含以下亚科[6]：
- Cladomorphinae：分布于马达加斯加、爪哇岛、苏拉威西与南美洲
- 克䗛亚科 Clitumninae：分布于亚洲
- 幽灵竹节虫亚科 Extatosomatinae：分布于澳洲
- 长角棒䗛亚科（Lonchodinae）[注 1]
- 大头竹节虫亚科 Megacraniinae：分布于澳大拉西亚与亚洲
- Monandropterinae：分布与亚洲与非洲
- 短角棒䗛亚科 Pachymorphinae：分布于亚洲、非洲与澳洲
- 竹节虫亚科 Phasmatinae：分布于澳大拉西亚与亚洲
- 平头竹节虫亚科 Platycraninae：分布于澳大拉西亚与亚洲
- Tropidoderinae：分布于澳大拉西亚、亚洲与非洲
- Xeroderinae：分布于澳大拉西亚与亚洲
此外还有若干属的地位未定，包括Achrioptera、Glawiana、Monoiognosis与Spathomorpha，皆分布于非洲（包含马达加斯加）[6]。除现生的10科外，缅甸琥珀中发现的已灭绝属Echinosomiscus也属于竹节虫科，被归入另一亚科Echinosomiscinae[2]。
本科包括以下属：[8]
- Acanthoderus Gray, 1835
- Acanthoderus spinosus (Gray, 1834)
- Acanthograeffea Günther, 1932
- Acanthomima Kirby, 1904
- Acanthoxyla Uvarov, 1944
- Achrioptera Coquerel, 1861
- Acrophylla Gray, 1835
- Agamemnon Moxey, 1971
- Anchiale Stål, 1875
- Anchiole
- Anophelepis Westwood, 1859
- Aploploides Rehn & Hebard, 1938
- Aplopocranidium Zompro, 2004
- Apterograeffea Cliquennois & Brock, 2002
- Apteroplopus Hennemann, Conle & Perez-Gelabert, 2016
- Argosarchus Hutton, 1898
- Arphax Stål, 1875
- Baculomia Bresseel & Constant, 2019
- Baculonistria Hennemann & Conle, 2008
- Caledoniophasma Zompro, 2001
- Cephaloplopus Hennemann, Conle & Perez-Gelabert, 2016
- Cigarrophasma Brock & Hasenpusch, 2001
- Cladomorphus Gray, 1835
- Cladoxerus Peletier de Saint Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1828
- Clitarchus Stål, 1875
- Cnipsomorpha Hennemann, Conle, Zhang & Liu, 2008
- Cnipsus Redtenbacher, 1908
- Cotylosoma Wood-Mason, 1878
- Cranidium Westwood, 1843
- Ctenomorpha Gray, 1833
- Cuniculina Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
- Davidrentzia Brock & Hasenpusch, 2007
- Diagoras Stål, 1877
- Diapherodes Gray, 1835
- Didymuria Kirby, 1904
- Dimorphodes Westwood, 1859
- Dryococelus Gurney, 1947
- Echetlus Stål, 1875
- Ectentoria Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
- Entoria Stål, 1875
- Epicharmus Stål, 1875
- Erastus Redtenbacher, 1908
- Erringtonia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
- Eucarcharus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
- Eurycnema Audinet-Serville, 1838
- Extatosoma Gray, 1833
- Gigantophasma Sharp, 1898
- Glawiana Hennemann & Conle, 2004
- Gongylopus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
- Graeffea Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1868
- Guamuhaya Yong, 2017
- Haplopus Burmeister, 1838
- Hermachus Stål, 1875
- Hermarchus Stål, 1875
- Hesperophasma Rehn, 1901
- Heterophasma Redtenbacher, 1908
- Hirtuleius Stål, 1875
- Hypocyrtus Redtenbacher, 1908
- Interphasma Chen & He, 2008
- Jeremia Redtenbacher, 1908
- Jeremiodes Hennemann & Conle, 2007
- Lamponius Stål, 1875
- Leosthenes Stål, 1875
- Lobofemora Bresseel & Constant, 2015
- Lysicles Stål, 1877
- Macrophasma Hennemann & Conle, 2006
- Malandania Sjöstedt, 1918
- Mauritiophasma Cliquennois & Brock, 2004
- Medaura Stål, 1875
- Medauroidea Zompro, 2000
- Medauromorpha Bresseel & Constant, 2017
- Megacrania Kaup, 1871
- Mesentoria Chen & He, 2008
- Metentoria Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
- Micropodacanthus Brock & Hasenpusch, 2007
- Monandroptera Audinet-Serville, 1838
- Monogynacantha Cliquennois, 2021
- Monoiognosis Cliquennois & Brock, 2004
- Neomedaura Ho, 2020
- Neosinophasma Ho, 2017
- Neospiniphasma Ho, 2021
- Nesiophasma Günther, 1934
- Nisyrus Stål, 1877
- Onchestus Stål, 1877
- Ophicrania Kaup, 1871
- Otocraniella Zompro, 2004
- Parabactridium Redtenbacher, 1908
- Parabaculum Brock, 1999
- Paracranidium Brock, 1998
- Paractenomorpha Hennemann & Conle, 2004
- Paracyphocrania Redtenbacher, 1908
- Paraentoria Chen & He, 1997
- Paraleiophasma Chen & He, 2008
- Parapachymorpha Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
- Parapodacanthus Brock, 2003
- Paratropidoderus Brock & Hasenpusch, 2007
- Parhaplopus Hennemann, Conle & Perez-Gelabert, 2016
- Paronchestus Redtenbacher, 1908
- Peloriana Uvarov, 1940
- Pharnacia Stål, 1877
- Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796
- 筒胸竹节虫属 Phasmotaenia Navas, 1907
- Phobaeticus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
- Phryganistria Stål, 1875
- Phryganistria bachmaensis (Ta & Hoang, 2004)
- Phryganistria fruhstorferi (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907)
- Phryganistria grandis Rehn, 1906
- Phryganistria guangxiensis Chen & He, 2008
- Phryganistria heusii (Hennemann & Conle, 1997)[9]
- Phryganistria longzhouensis Chen & He, 2008
- Phryganistria tamdaoensis Bresseel & Constant, 2014
- Phryganistria virgea (Westwood, 1848)
- Platycrana Gray, 1835
- Podacanthus Gray, 1833
- Prosentoria Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
- Pseudoclitarchus Salmon, 1991
- Pterinoxylus Audinet-Serville, 1838
- Pterulina Bresseel & Constant, 2020
- Ramulus Saussure, 1862
- Rhamphophasma Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
- Rhaphiderus Audinet-Serville, 1838
- Rhynchacris Redtenbacher, 1908
- Sadyattes Stål, 1875
- Sigaruphasma Hennemann, Conle, Perez-Gelabert & Valero, 2020
- Sinoxenophasmina Ho, 2021
- Spathomorpha Cliquennois, 2005
- Stephanacris Redtenbacher, 1908
- Tainophasma Conle, Hennemann & Perez-Gelabert, 2014
- Taraxippus Moxey, 1971
- Tepakiphasma Buckley & Bradler, 2010
- Teruelphasma Yong, 2017
- Tirachoidea Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
- Tropidoderus Gray, 1835
- Vasilissa Kirby, 1896
- Venupherodes Hennemann, Conle & Perez-Gelabert, 2016
- Wattenwylia Piza, 1938
- Woodmasonia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
- Xenomaches Kirby, 1896
- Xenophasmina Uvarov, 1940
- Xeroderus Gray, 1835
- Xylodus Saussure, 1859
注脚
[编辑]参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Phasmatidae. Phasmida SpeciesFile. Phasmid Study Group. 2009-09-28 [2011-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-04）.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Engel, Michael S.; Wang, Bo; Alqarni, Abdulaziz S. A thorny, 'anareolate' stick-insect (Phasmatidae s.l.) in Upper Cretaceous amber from Myanmar, with remarks on diversification times among Phasmatodea. Cretaceous Research. August 2016, 63: 45–53 [2022-02-10]. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.02.015. （原始内容存档于2022-06-21）.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 FRANK H. HENNEMANN, OSKAR V. CONLE. Revision of Oriental Phasmatodea: The tribe PharnaciiniGünther, 1953, including the description of the world's longestinsect, and a survey of the family Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 withkeys to the subfamilies and tribes(Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae": Phasmatidae). Zootaxa. 2008, 1906 (1): 15. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1906.1.1.
- ^ Hennemann FH. Megacraniinae-The Palm Stick Insects: A new subfamily of Old World Phasmatodea and a redefinition of Platycraninae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 (Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae").. Zootaxa. 2020, 4896 (2): zootaxa.4896.2.1 [2022-02-10]. PMID 33756861. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4896.2.1. （原始内容存档于2022-02-10） –通过ResearchGate.
- ^ Simon S, Letsch H, Bank S, Buckley TR, Donath A, Liu S, Machida R, Meusemann K, Misof B, Podsiadlowski L, Zhou X, Wipfler B and Bradler S. Old World and New World Phasmatodea: Phylogenomics Resolve the Evolutionary History of Stick and Leaf Insects.. Front. Ecol. Evol. 2019, 7: 345. doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00345.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 family Phasmatidae Leach, 1815. Phasmid Study Group. [2022-02-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-09）.
- ^
Robertson, James A.; Bradler, Sven; Whiting, Michael F. Evolution of Oviposition Techniques in Stick and Leaf Insects (Phasmatodea). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2018, 6. doi:10.3389/fevo.2018.00216
.
- ^ Phasmatidae. GBIF. [2023-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-05）.
- ^ Joachim Bresseel and Jérôme Constant. 2014. Giant Sticks from Vietnam and China, with Three New Taxa including the Second Longest Insect Known to Date (Phasmatodea, Phasmatidae, Clitumninae, Pharnaciini). European Journal of Taxonomy. 104: 1–38; doi: 10.5852/ejt.2014.104
- ^ World's Longest Insect Revealed. Natural History Museum. 2008-10-16 [2022-02-10]. （原始内容存档于2008-10-19）.
- ^ World's longest insect discovered in China. www.chinadaily.com.cn. 2016-05-05 [2020-03-27]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-27）.
