跳至內容

馬扎爾人征服喀爾巴阡盆地

維基百科,自由的百科全書
馬扎爾人征服喀爾巴阡盆地

馬扎爾人征服喀爾巴阡盆地[1]是人們對一系列歷史事件的統稱,這一系列事件以馬扎爾人於九世紀末十世紀初定居於中歐而告終。在馬扎爾人到來前,三支中世紀早期勢力——保加利亞第一帝國(681-1018年)、東法蘭克王國(843-962年)和大大摩拉維亞公國(833-約907年)——曾為控制喀爾巴阡盆地而混戰。三支勢力都曾僱傭過馬扎爾騎手為士兵。因此,居住在喀爾巴阡山脈以東的東歐大草原上的馬扎爾人便漸漸熟悉了喀爾巴阡盆地這片未來的家園領土。

馬扎爾人的征服始於民族大遷徙的背景下。馬扎爾人有計劃地占領了喀爾巴阡盆地[1]。馬扎爾人首先控制住了多瑙河以東的匈牙利大平原,之後又在900年襲擊並占領了潘諾尼亞(多瑙河以西的地區)。接著,他們趁大摩拉維亞公國爆發內亂,在902-906年間吞併了該國領土。

907年7月4日,馬扎爾人在普雷斯堡戰役英語Battle of Pressburg中擊敗巴伐利亞公國軍隊,鞏固了對喀爾巴阡盆地的控制。899至955年間,馬扎爾人對西歐發動了一系列軍事行動;還在943至971年間攻打過東羅馬帝國的領土。但他們最終還是逐漸在喀爾巴阡盆地安居下來,在1000年左右建立了基督教君主制政權——匈牙利王國

參考文獻

[編輯]
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Kontler 1999,第42頁.

一手來源

[編輯]
  • Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (Edited, Translated and Annotated by Martyn Rady and László Veszprémy) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010); Anonymus and Master Roger; CEU Press; ISBN 978-963-9776-95-1.
  • Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (Greek text edited by Gyula Moravcsik, English translation by Romillyi J. H. Jenkins) (1967). Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. ISBN 0-88402-021-5.
  • Liudprand of Cremona: Retribution (2007). In: The Complete Works of Liudprand of Cremona (Translated by Paolo Squatriti); The Catholic University of Press; ISBN 978-0-8132-1506-8.
  • Royal Frankish Annals (1972). In: Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories (Translated by Bernhard Walter Scholz with Barbara Rogers); The University of Michigan Press; ISBN 0-472-06186-0.
  • Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of the Hungarians (Edited and translated by László Veszprémy and Frank Schaer with a study by Jenő Szűcs) (1999). CEU Press. ISBN 963-9116-31-9.
  • The Annals of Fulda (Ninth-Century Histories, Volume II) (Translated and annotated by Timothy Reuter) (1992). Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-3458-2.
  • The Annals of St-Bertin (Ninth-Century Histories, Volume I) (Translated and annotated by Janet L. Nelson) (1991). Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-3426-8.
  • The Chronicle of Regino of Prüm (2009). In: History and Politics in Late Carolingian and Ottonian Europe: The Chronicle of Regino of Prüm and Adalbert of Magdeburg (Translated and annotated by Simon MacLean); Manchester University Press; ISBN 978-0-7190-7135-5.
  • The History of al-Tabarī, Volume XXXVIII: The Return of the Caliphate to Baghdad (Translated by Franz Rosenthal) (1985). State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-876-4.
  • The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle: Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum (Edited by Dezső Dercsényi) (1970). Corvina, Taplinger Publishing. ISBN 0-8008-4015-1.
  • Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text. Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor (PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Mediaeval Academy of America. 1953: 325 [26 January 2023].  (First edition published in 1930. The first 50 pages are a scholarly introduction.)
  • Ostrowski, Donald; Birnbaum, David J. Rus' primary chronicle critical edition – Interlinear line-level collation. pvl.obdurodon.org. 7 December 2014 [18 May 2024].  已忽略未知參數|lang=(建議使用|language=) (幫助)
  • The Taktika of Leo VI (Text, translation, and commentary by George T. Dennis) (2010). Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN 978-0-88402-359-3.

二手來源

[編輯]