漁業管理
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漁業管理（fisheries management）也稱漁政，是對野生漁場、自然水體和水庫等可被漁業使用的水域生態系統的自然資源管理，目標是從可再生水生資源中產生可持續性的生物、社會及經濟效益。水產品屬於可再生資源，因爲被捕撈的生物（例如魚類、蝦類、蟹類、蛸類、貝類、爬行動物、兩棲動物及海洋哺乳動物）一般每年的生物盈餘都有所過剩，通過合適的管理方法，能夠在不影響未來生產力的情況下捕撈這些生物[1]。
漁業管理採用保護漁業資源的方法，利用漁業科學及預防原則，以促成可持續漁業。現代漁業管理通常屬於政府體系，基於既定目標的適當管理規則，實施漁業檢測、控制與監視[2]。根據聯合國糧食及農業組織説法，漁業管理暫時沒有明確和普遍接受的定義。 然而，糧農組織使用並在其他地方大量引用的工作定義是：
信息收集、分析、規劃、協商、決策、資源分配以及制定和實施並在必要時強制執行管理漁業活動的法規或規則的綜合過程，以確保資源和漁業活動的持續生產力和完成其他漁業目標。 [3]
管理機制
[編輯]許多國家設立了部委/政府部門，以管理其專屬經濟區的漁業。四類管理手段包括：調節投入/投資或產出，直接或間接運作[4]：
| 輸入 | 輸出 | |
|---|---|---|
| 間接 | 船舶執照 | 捕捉技巧 |
| 直接 | 限制進入 | 捕撈配額和技術法規 |
技術手段包括：
- 禁止使用弓箭、長矛或火器等設備
- 禁止使用漁網
- 規定最小網格尺寸
- 限制船隊船隻平均潛在捕撈量（船隻大小、器材、電子器材等）
- 禁止使用誘餌
- 限制捕魚器
- 限制漁民杆數或綫數
- 限制出海漁船數量
- 限制船舶在海上每單位時間的平均作業強度
- 限制平均出海時間
另見
[編輯]參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ Lackey, Robert; Nielsen, Larry (編). Fisheries management. Blackwell. 1980: 422. ISBN 978-0632006151.
- ^ The ecosystem approach to fisheries. Issues, terminology, principles, institutional foundations, implementation and outlook.. FAO. 2003.
- ^ FAO (1997) Fisheries Management （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Section 1.2, Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries. FAO, Rome. ISBN 92-5-103962-3ISBN 92-5-103962-3
- ^ Sustainable Fishery system, Charles, A. (ed) (2001). Oxford: Blackwell science. p. 95.
書籍參考
[編輯]- Arnason, R; Kelleher, K; Willmann, R. The Sunken Billions: The Economic Justification for Fisheries Reform. World Bank and FAO. 2008 [2009-04-03]. ISBN 978-0-8213-7790-1. （原始內容存檔於2010-05-04）.
- Beverton, R. J. H.; Holt, S. J. On the Dynamics of Exploited Fish Populations. Fishery Investigations Series II Volume XIX. Chapman and Hall (Blackburn Press, 2004). 1957. ISBN 978-1-930665-94-1.
- Beverton, R. J. H. Voigtlander, C.W , 編. Session 4: The state of fisheries science. The State of the World's Fisheries Resources: Proceedings of the World Fisheries Congress, Plenary Sessions. Athens. 1992. （原始內容存檔於2007-12-18）.
- Caddy JF and Mahon R (1995) "Reference points for fisheries management" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） FAO Fisheries technical paper 347, Rome. ISBN 92-5-103733-7
- Duffy, J. Emmett (2008) Marine biodiversity and food security （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Encyclopedia of Earth. Updated 25 July 2008.
- Elder, D. The Impact of Federal Fishing Policies on Coastal Maine and the Town of Harpswell Thesis. Dept. of Geography [ww.ccsu.edu Central Connecticut University]. 2006 [2022-02-26]. （原始內容存檔於2011-07-18）.
- Ferguson-Cradler, Gregory. "Fisheries』 collapse and the making of a global event, 1950s–1970s." Journal of Global History 13.3 (2018): 399-424. online （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Froese, R and K Kesner-Reyes (2002)Impact of Fishing on the Abundance of Marine Species （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, ICES CM 2002/L:12.
- Gucinski, Hermann; Lackey, Robert T.; Spence, Brian C. Global Climate Change: Policy Implications for Fisheries. Fisheries. November 1990, 15 (6): 33–38. doi:10.1577/1548-8446(1990)015<0033:GCCPIF>2.0.CO;2.
- Hilborn, RAY. The evolution of quantitative marine fisheries management 1985–2010. Natural Resource Modeling. February 2012, 25 (1): 122–144. doi:10.1111/j.1939-7445.2011.00100.x.
- Hlohowskyj, I; Brody, MS; Lackey, RT. Methods for assessing the vulnerability of African fisheries resources to climate change. Climate Research. 1996, 6: 97–106. Bibcode:1996ClRes...6...97H. doi:10.3354/cr006097.
- Mahon, R.; McConney, P. Managing the managers: improving the structure and operation of small fisheries departments, especially in SIDS. Ocean and Coastal Management. 2004, 47 (9–10): 529–535. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2004.09.001.
- Lackey, Robert T. 2005. Fisheries: history, science, and management. pp. 121–129. In: Water Encyclopedia: Surface and Agricultural Water, Jay H. Lehr and Jack Keeley, editors, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Publishers, New York, 781 pp.
- McGoodwin JR (2001) Understanding the cultures of fishing communities. A key to fisheries management and food security （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） FAO Fisheries, Technical Paper 401. ISBN 978-92-5-104606-7.
- Morgan, Gary; Staples, Derek and Funge-Smith, Simon (2007) Fishing capacity management and illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing in Asia （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） FAO RAP Publication. 2007/17. ISBN 978-92-5-005669-2
- Pitcher T, D Pauly and P Hart (1999) Reinventing Fisheries Management, Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7923-5777-3
- Pitcher, TJ; Kalikoski, D; Pramod, G. Evaluations of Compliance with the FAO (UN) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries UBC Fisheries Centre Research Reports 14 (2). Fisheries Centre. University of British Columbia. 2006 [2022-02-26]. doi:10.14288/1.0058147. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-06）.
- Townsend, R; Shotton, Ross and Uchida, H (2008) Case studies in fisheries self-governance （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No 504. ISBN 978-92-5-105897-8
- Voigtlander, C. W. (Ed.) 1994. The State of the World's Fisheries Resources. Proceedings of the World Fisheries Congress (Athens, 1992), Plenary Sessions. (Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., 66 Janpath, N.Delhi 110 001, INDIA). 204 p.
- Walters, Carl J.; Martell, Steven J. D. Fisheries Ecology and Management. Princeton University Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-691-11545-0.<
- UNEP (2007). Procedure for Establishing a Regional System of Fisheries Refugia in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand in the context of the UNEP/GEF project entitled: 「Reversing Environmental Degradation Trends in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand」 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. South China Sea Knowledge Document No. 4. UNEP/GEF/SCS/Inf.4
- Evolution of Views of Fishery Management （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） In: Sustaining Marine Fisheries (1999) Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources: Ocean Studies Board.
- FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- FAO: Index of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Papers Rome.
