渔业管理
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渔业管理（fisheries management）也称渔政，是对野生渔场、自然水体和水库等可被渔业使用的水域生态系统的自然资源管理，目标是从可再生水生资源中产生可持续性的生物、社会及经济效益。水产品属于可再生资源，因为被捕捞的生物（例如鱼类、虾类、蟹类、蛸类、贝类、爬行动物、两栖动物及海洋哺乳动物）一般每年的生物盈馀都有所过剩，通过合适的管理方法，能够在不影响未来生产力的情况下捕捞这些生物[1]。
渔业管理采用保护渔业资源的方法，利用渔业科学及预防原则，以促成可持续渔业。现代渔业管理通常属于政府体系，基于既定目标的适当管理规则，实施渔业检测、控制与监视[2]。根据联合国粮食及农业组织说法，渔业管理暂时没有明确和普遍接受的定义。 然而，粮农组织使用并在其他地方大量引用的工作定义是：
信息收集、分析、规划、协商、决策、资源分配以及制定和实施并在必要时强制执行管理渔业活动的法规或规则的综合过程，以确保资源和渔业活动的持续生产力和完成其他渔业目标。 [3]
管理机制
[编辑]许多国家设立了部委/政府部门，以管理其专属经济区的渔业。四类管理手段包括：调节投入/投资或产出，直接或间接运作[4]：
| 输入 | 输出 | |
|---|---|---|
| 间接 | 船舶执照 | 捕捉技巧 |
| 直接 | 限制进入 | 捕捞配额和技术法规 |
技术手段包括：
- 禁止使用弓箭、长矛或火器等设备
- 禁止使用渔网
- 规定最小网格尺寸
- 限制船队船只平均潜在捕捞量（船只大小、器材、电子器材等）
- 禁止使用诱饵
- 限制捕鱼器
- 限制渔民杆数或线数
- 限制出海渔船数量
- 限制船舶在海上每单位时间的平均作业强度
- 限制平均出海时间
另见
[编辑]参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Lackey, Robert; Nielsen, Larry (编). Fisheries management. Blackwell. 1980: 422. ISBN 978-0632006151.
- ^ The ecosystem approach to fisheries. Issues, terminology, principles, institutional foundations, implementation and outlook.. FAO. 2003.
- ^ FAO (1997) Fisheries Management （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Section 1.2, Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries. FAO, Rome. ISBN 92-5-103962-3ISBN 92-5-103962-3
- ^ Sustainable Fishery system, Charles, A. (ed) (2001). Oxford: Blackwell science. p. 95.
书籍参考
[编辑]- Arnason, R; Kelleher, K; Willmann, R. The Sunken Billions: The Economic Justification for Fisheries Reform. World Bank and FAO. 2008 [2009-04-03]. ISBN 978-0-8213-7790-1. （原始内容存档于2010-05-04）.
- Beverton, R. J. H.; Holt, S. J. On the Dynamics of Exploited Fish Populations. Fishery Investigations Series II Volume XIX. Chapman and Hall (Blackburn Press, 2004). 1957. ISBN 978-1-930665-94-1.
- Beverton, R. J. H. Voigtlander, C.W , 编. Session 4: The state of fisheries science. The State of the World's Fisheries Resources: Proceedings of the World Fisheries Congress, Plenary Sessions. Athens. 1992. （原始内容存档于2007-12-18）.
- Caddy JF and Mahon R (1995) "Reference points for fisheries management" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） FAO Fisheries technical paper 347, Rome. ISBN 92-5-103733-7
- Duffy, J. Emmett (2008) Marine biodiversity and food security （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Encyclopedia of Earth. Updated 25 July 2008.
- Elder, D. The Impact of Federal Fishing Policies on Coastal Maine and the Town of Harpswell Thesis. Dept. of Geography [ww.ccsu.edu Central Connecticut University]. 2006 [2022-02-26]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-18）.
- Ferguson-Cradler, Gregory. "Fisheries’ collapse and the making of a global event, 1950s–1970s." Journal of Global History 13.3 (2018): 399-424. online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Froese, R and K Kesner-Reyes (2002)Impact of Fishing on the Abundance of Marine Species （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, ICES CM 2002/L:12.
- Gucinski, Hermann; Lackey, Robert T.; Spence, Brian C. Global Climate Change: Policy Implications for Fisheries. Fisheries. November 1990, 15 (6): 33–38. doi:10.1577/1548-8446(1990)015<0033:GCCPIF>2.0.CO;2.
- Hilborn, RAY. The evolution of quantitative marine fisheries management 1985–2010. Natural Resource Modeling. February 2012, 25 (1): 122–144. doi:10.1111/j.1939-7445.2011.00100.x.
- Hlohowskyj, I; Brody, MS; Lackey, RT. Methods for assessing the vulnerability of African fisheries resources to climate change. Climate Research. 1996, 6: 97–106. Bibcode:1996ClRes...6...97H. doi:10.3354/cr006097.
- Mahon, R.; McConney, P. Managing the managers: improving the structure and operation of small fisheries departments, especially in SIDS. Ocean and Coastal Management. 2004, 47 (9–10): 529–535. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2004.09.001.
- Lackey, Robert T. 2005. Fisheries: history, science, and management. pp. 121–129. In: Water Encyclopedia: Surface and Agricultural Water, Jay H. Lehr and Jack Keeley, editors, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Publishers, New York, 781 pp.
- McGoodwin JR (2001) Understanding the cultures of fishing communities. A key to fisheries management and food security （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） FAO Fisheries, Technical Paper 401. ISBN 978-92-5-104606-7.
- Morgan, Gary; Staples, Derek and Funge-Smith, Simon (2007) Fishing capacity management and illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing in Asia （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） FAO RAP Publication. 2007/17. ISBN 978-92-5-005669-2
- Pitcher T, D Pauly and P Hart (1999) Reinventing Fisheries Management, Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7923-5777-3
- Pitcher, TJ; Kalikoski, D; Pramod, G. Evaluations of Compliance with the FAO (UN) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries UBC Fisheries Centre Research Reports 14 (2). Fisheries Centre. University of British Columbia. 2006 [2022-02-26]. doi:10.14288/1.0058147. （原始内容存档于2022-03-06）.
- Townsend, R; Shotton, Ross and Uchida, H (2008) Case studies in fisheries self-governance （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No 504. ISBN 978-92-5-105897-8
- Voigtlander, C. W. (Ed.) 1994. The State of the World's Fisheries Resources. Proceedings of the World Fisheries Congress (Athens, 1992), Plenary Sessions. (Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., 66 Janpath, N.Delhi 110 001, INDIA). 204 p.
- Walters, Carl J.; Martell, Steven J. D. Fisheries Ecology and Management. Princeton University Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-691-11545-0.<
- UNEP (2007). Procedure for Establishing a Regional System of Fisheries Refugia in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand in the context of the UNEP/GEF project entitled: “Reversing Environmental Degradation Trends in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand” （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. South China Sea Knowledge Document No. 4. UNEP/GEF/SCS/Inf.4
- Evolution of Views of Fishery Management （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） In: Sustaining Marine Fisheries (1999) Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources: Ocean Studies Board.
- FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- FAO: Index of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Papers Rome.
