昂布瓦斯和约
外观
《昂布瓦斯和约》(法语:Paix d'Amboise)又称为《绥靖法令》 ,是指在1563年3月19日,由当时法国摄政凯萨琳·德·麦地奇在昂布瓦斯城堡签署的诏令文书,旨在结束天主教会军队领袖安内·德·蒙莫朗西和新教领袖路易一世·德·波旁-孔代之间的第一次法国宗教战争。当时凯萨琳·德·麦地奇担任未成年的国王查理九世摄政,并在加斯帕尔·德科利尼领主支持下签署这项法律法案。
《昂布瓦斯和约》再次宣告宗教自由,保证法国胡格诺派、喀尔文主义拥有宗教特权、宗教自由、表达自己信仰的权力,并部分遵循1562年1月《圣日耳曼法令》的做法。尽管《昂布瓦斯和约》限制新教教徒不能完整享有《圣日耳曼法令》授予的权利,但仍允许他们在贵族私人住宅、私人庄园、及一些城市郊区的指定地点,进行公开且不受监管的新教礼拜活动。
在《昂布瓦斯和约》颁布后,立即面临各个议会不愿意批准法令的问题。过去曾下令驱逐胡格诺派教徒的巴黎议会、和一些省级议会也试图抵制法令的实行。最终这些议会屈服于王室的压力而同意《昂布瓦斯和约》,但认为适用范围只是暂时的结果,并将在查理九世成年后颁布新的宗教问题法令。相反地,《昂布瓦斯和约》获得法国胡格诺派贵族的欢迎,结束因为瓦西大屠杀爆发的第一次胡格诺战争,开启法兰西王国的和平时期。
1563年8月17日,年仅14岁的查理九世正式宣告已经成年,史无前例地选择在卢昂省议会召开国王行法会,并宣告更为完整且永久的《昂布瓦斯和约》法令,甚至延长该法令的期限。然而,由于地区层级持续发生一系列宗教暴力冲突,并在1567年爆发圣但尼战役,种种冲突导致《昂布瓦斯和约》的效力逐渐受到削弱。1568年3月,新颁布的《隆瑞莫和约》确认《昂布瓦斯和约》。但这并没有太大影响,因为在同年8月又再次爆发冲突。
参考文献
[编辑]- Benedict, Philip. Rouen During the Wars of Religion. Cambridge University Press. 2003. ISBN 0521547970.
- Carroll, Stuart. Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe. Oxford University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0199229079.
- Diefendorf, Barbara. Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots in Sixteenth-Century Paris. Oxford University Press. 1991. ISBN 0195070135.
- Foa, Jeremie. Making Peace: The Commissions for Enforcing the Pacification Edicts in the Reign of Charles IX (1560–1574). French History. 2004, 18 (3): 268–70. doi:10.1093/fh/18.3.256 .
- Holt, Mack. The French Wars of Religion, 1562–1629. Cambridge University Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0521547505.
- Holt, Mack. The Politics of Wine in Early Modern France. Cambridge University Press. 2020. ISBN 978-1108456814.
- Kingdon, Robert. Geneva and the Consolidation of the French Protestant Movement, 1564–1572 : a Contribution to the History of Congregationalism, Presbyterianism and Calvinist Resistance Theory. Libraire Droz Press. 1967. ISBN 978-2600030168.
- Knecht, Robert J. The French Wars of Religion 1559–1598. Longman. 1996. ISBN 058228533X.
- Nicholls, David. Protestants, Catholics and Magistrates in Tours 1562–72: The Making of a Catholic City during the Religious Wars. French History. 1994, 8: 14–33. doi:10.1093/fh/8.1.14.
- Potter, David. The French Wars of Religion: Selected Documents. Macmillan. 1997. ISBN 0312175450.
- Roberts, Penny. Peace and Authority During the French Religious Wars c. 1560–1600. Palgrave Macmillan. 2013. ISBN 978-1137326744.
- Roberts, Penny. The Language of Peace during the French Religious Wars (PDF). Cultural and Social History. 2007, 4 (3): 297–351 [2024-02-17]. S2CID 144713492. doi:10.2752/147800407X219223. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-11-19).
- Salmon, J.H.M. Society in Crisis: France in the Sixteenth Century. Methuen. 1975. ISBN 978-0416730500.
- Sutherland, Nicola. The Assassination of Francois Duc de Guise February 1563. The Historical Journal. 1981, 24 (2): 279–295. S2CID 159857086. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00005471.
- Thompson, James. The Wars of Religion in France: The Huguenots, Catherine de Medici and Phillip II. Chicago University Press. 1909.