草稿:德国首都

德国国会大厦位于柏林，是德国联邦议院所在地

德国首都位于柏林城市州。 这是德国联邦总统办公所在地，其官邸位于贝尔维尤宫；联邦州代表组成联邦参议院，位址于普鲁士贵族院。大多数联邦部委位于柏林，不过一些次要部门设在前西德首都波恩，联邦政府机构雇用的18,000名雇员中，有8,000人在距离柏林600千米（370英里）的波恩工作。

历史

1871年以前

1871年以前，德国并不是一个统一的民族国家，也没有所谓的首都。中世纪德意志神圣罗马帝国查理曼统治时期，曾将亚琛作为首要的行政所在地；直至1531年为止，共有31位神圣罗马皇帝在这里加冕为德意志国王，加冕礼后来移师到法兰克福举行。然而，查理曼以后的神圣罗马皇帝并没有移居到亚琛或法兰克福，而是以他们原来的王国或公国作为根据地，或是走访神圣罗马帝国各地并短暂迁入皇帝行宫行使权力。最后一个统治神圣罗马帝国的哈布斯堡家族，将维也纳作为永久的政府所在地。

1815年维也纳会议正式创建德意志邦联后，邦联议会在法兰克福自由市召开，代表的不是德意志领土的人民而是其领主。随后，1848年短暂的德意志革命期间，法兰克福成为德国的官方首都。

1871年至1945年

直到1871年德意志统一时，德意志帝国才首次指定正式首都，由于新成立帝国的主要构成国家普鲁士的首都位于柏林，因此它也顺理成章成为德意志首都。自1518年开始，柏林一直都是普鲁士及其前身哈弗尔河畔勃兰登堡的首都。直到1945年为止，柏林一直是德意志帝国首都；然而，第一次世界大战结束后的几个月，由于内战肆虐柏林，国民议会在魏玛召开。1945年柏林沦陷后，弗伦斯堡曾短暂成为政府所在地。第二次世界大战结束后，德国被盟军占领，柏林也不再是德国作为主权国家的首都。

1945年至1990年

Map showing the division of Germany until 3 October 1990:
• western Germany (blue)
• East Germany (red)
• Berlin (green)

In 1949, with sovereignty regained the country split up into Germany (western) and East Germany. Berlin was also divided, into West Berlin and East Berlin. Originally, Frankfurt was to be the provisional capital of western Germany. However, the authorities of state intended to make Berlin the capital if Germany were ever reunified. They feared that since Frankfurt was a major city in its own right, it would ultimately be accepted as a permanent capital and weaken western German support for reunification. For this reason, the capital was located in the smaller university city of Bonn as a more obviously provisional solution. Another factor was that Bonn is close to Cologne, the hometown of Germany's first Federal Chancellor, Konrad Adenauer.

East Germany claimed all of Berlin as its capital, although the city as a whole was still legally occupied territory and would remain so for 41 years. In reality, the Soviet occupation sector of Berlin, East Berlin served as the East German capital.

1990年至今

In 1990, with the reunification of Germany, Berlin was also reunified and became the capital of the enlarged Germany. There was some debate, however, on whether the seat of government should move to Berlin. Many believed that Bonn should remain the seat of government – a situation analogous to that of the Netherlands, where Amsterdam is the capital but The Hague is the seat of government. In 1991, after an emotional debate, the Bundestag voted to move the seat of government to Berlin by 1999. However, six ministries remained in Bonn, each with a second office in Berlin.

另见

• 关于德国首都的决定
• 柏林-波恩法案
• 波恩历史
• 柏林历史

外部链接

• New York Times article about Bonn and Berlin federal administration
• Official website of the Parliament of Germany