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User:Michael Chan/沙盒

维基百科,自由的百科全书
颱風夏浪
颱風(日本
四級颱風(美國
於7月13日達至頂峰強度的夏浪
形成2002年7月5日
消散2002年7月19日
2002年7月16日起轉變成溫帶氣旋
最高風速10分鐘持續 155公里/小時(100英里/小時)
1分鐘持續 250公里/小時(155英里/小時)
最低氣壓945百帕毫巴);27.91英寸汞柱
死亡10 total
損失$8980萬(2002年美元
影響地區關島菲律賓日本
2002年太平洋颱風季的一部分

颱風夏浪是2002年太平洋颱風季第7個被命名的熱帶氣旋,在一周前颱風查特安重創關島後不久,氣旋再從關島南面海域吹襲該處。7月5日夏浪在馬紹爾群島附近形成,向西北移動並逐步增強。7月10日,夏浪以熱帶風暴強度橫過關島南面海域,造成巨浪和猛烈風力。夏浪阻礙了關島對颱風查特安的救災,延長關島停電的時間,但實際對該島的破壞甚微。

吹襲關島後,夏浪快速增強至頂峰強度。7月14日,氣旋轉向東北及顯著減弱,但在經過沖繩縣附近時仍導致大範圍的停電。系統在7月16日為日本東南部帶來狂風暴雨,導致1死9傷和$8980萬美元(103億日元)[nb 1]損失。7月16日,夏浪轉化為溫帶氣旋,翌日消散。此外夏浪引進的季風槽還對菲律賓造成水浸和死傷。

氣象歷史

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根據薩菲爾-辛普森颶風風力等級的強度繪製的風暴路徑圖
图例
  热带低气压(≤62 km/h)
  热带风暴(63–118 km/h)
  一级(119–153 km/h)
  二级(154–177 km/h)
  三级(178–208 km/h)
  四级(209–251 km/h)
  五级(≥252 km/h)
  未知

7月上旬,埃內韋塔克環礁附近的季風槽發展出一股伴隨有對流的環流。該環流大致停留不動[1]或緩慢向西南推進[2]。系統快速組織[1]日本氣象廳認定系統於7月6日在馬紹爾群島附近增強為熱帶低氣壓[3],聯合颱風警報中心亦跳過熱帶氣旋形成警報,直接在7月7日0時把該系統升格為熱帶低氣壓[2]。當日較後時間,日本氣象廳把系統升級為熱帶風暴,命名為夏浪,此時夏浪位於楚克群島附近[3]。夏浪在北面高壓脊的引導下向西北偏西推進,期間緩慢增強,不過深層對流持續捲入中心,7月9日早些時候,日本氣象廳把夏浪升為強烈熱帶風暴[3],聯合颱風警報中心在12時把夏浪升為颱風,此時夏浪已抵達關島東南偏東420公里[1]

於接近關島期間,夏浪的組織繼續好轉,發展出風眼和層次分別的雨帶。7月10日,夏浪採取近乎正西的路線,在關島南面140公里掠過,當時聯合颱風警報中心評估夏浪的風速為每小時165公里[1],惟日本氣象廳仍維持「強烈熱帶風暴」的強度評級直到18時才把夏浪升為颱風[3]。但受制於西風槽帶來垂直風切變,以及北面弱高壓脊抑制極地方向流出,夏浪暫時未能進一步發展,對流有所減弱。直到7月11日較後時間,夏浪才重新增強,雷暴活動增加[1]。7月13日早些時間,隨着夏浪打開清晰可見、直徑63公里的風眼,聯合颱風警報中心把夏浪升級為超級颱風。夏浪在當日達到最高強度,熱帶風暴程度風力從氣旋中心伸延至415公里外的地方。[1]

夏浪持續向西北移向沖繩,但因應垂直風切變增加,風暴迅速減弱,風眼崩潰[1]。夏浪在7月14日12時橫過沖繩上空,中心附近最高持續風速每小時130公里[3]。此時夏浪沿着減弱的高壓脊轉向北移,再折向東北[1],受到乾冷空氣和持續存在的垂直風切變的共同影響[2],系統的對流消逝。7月15日早些時候,夏浪減弱為熱帶風暴,聯合颱風警報中心之後發佈最後警報。夏浪繼續向東北影響日本,聯合颱風警報中心表示系統轉化為溫帶氣旋,日本氣象廳則繼續追蹤該系統。夏浪橫過日本本州伊豆半島房總半島,7月16日,日本氣象廳表示夏浪轉化為溫帶氣旋。夏浪繼續向東北推進,於7月18日橫過國際換日線後日本氣象廳停止追蹤[3]

影響

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Typhoon Halong approaching Japan on July 15

颱風查特安吹襲關島造成6千萬美元捐失後一周[4],關島再受夏浪威脅。關島和北馬里亞納群島所有航空停飛,官方部門建議低窪地區居民撤離[5] While passing to the south, Halong produced waves as high as 6 m (20 ft) in Inarajan。夏浪在吹襲關島的前一天南壓,最終在關島南面140公里掠過[1]。海浪導致關島南部沿岸海岸侵蝕[4] and were higher than during Chataan's passage.[1] The typhoon produced peak sustained winds of 69 km/h (43 mph), with gusts to 90 km/h (56 mph); both observations were recorded at Guam's National Weather Service. Damage on the island was estimated at $40,000.[4] The storm disrupted work to repair damage from Chataan.[6] Portions of the island, including Guam Memorial Hospital, had their power restored after Chataan, only to lose electricity during Halong.[7] The additional damage caused by Halong contributed to Governor Carl T.C. Gutierrez declaring the island as a state of emergency on July 22, which activated the Guam National Guard.[8]

While passing northeast of the Philippines, Halong enhanced the monsoon, and combined with the effects from previous typhoons Rammasun and Chataan, as well as Severe Tropical Storm Nakri, there were 85 deaths, with 45 people injured in the Philippines.[9] About ten of the deaths were estimated to have been caused by Halong.[10] The combined damage in the country totaled $10.3 million (₱522 million 2002 PHP).[nb 2][9]

In Japan, Halong dropped heavy rainfall that peaked at 362 mm(14.3英寸) in Nagano Prefecture. The highest rainfall in Okinawa was 258 mm(10.2英寸). Near Tokyo, a station recorded winds of 112 km/h (69 mph),[12] although winds gusted to 183 km/h (114 mph) at Kadena Air Base on Okinawa.[1] In the Ryukyu Islands of Japan, including Okinawa, Halong left more than 48,800 houses without power due to the strong winds. Officials canceled bus service in Naze, Kagoshima during the storm.[13] Throughout the country, the typhoon destroyed six houses and damaged 223 others to varying degrees. Halong also flooded 301 houses,[12] forcing about 4,000 people to evacuate their homes, many along rivers.[14] Officials canceled 54 airline flights,[15] 10 of them international,[14] and due to the storm, 171 schools were closed.[15] In Sendai, Halong damaged roads in 550 locations and railroads in seven locations. Nine levees were breached, and there were at least 270 landslides.[16] Damage totaled $89.8 million (¥10.3 billion 2002 JPY) across the country, mostly from agriculture.[nb 3][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] During its passage, the typhoon injured nine people, one of them severely,[12] and there was one death.[16]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ 本條目所有貨幣均以2002年計算
  2. ^ The total was originally reported in Philippine pesos. Total converted via the Oanda Corporation website.[11]
  3. ^ The total was originally reported in Yen. Total converted via the Oanda Corporation website.[11]

References

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  1. ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 Gary Padgett. Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary July 2002. 2002 [2012-10-07]. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Super Typhoon (TY) 10W (Halong) (PDF) (报告). United States Navy. [2012-10-02]. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center 2002 (PDF) (报告). Japan Meteorological Agency. 13. [2012-08-27]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-10-14). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Angel, William; Hinson, Stuart; Mooring, Rhonda. Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena with Late Reports and Corrections (PDF). Storm Data (报告) 44 (National Climatic Data Center). November 2002: 142, 145–149. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-08-12).  |number=被忽略 (帮助)
  5. ^ Guam and Northern Marianas prepare for Typhoon Halong. Radio New Zealand International. 2002-07-10 [2012-10-09]. 
  6. ^ Typhoon Halong spares Guam. The Weather Channel. Associated Press. 2002-07-11 [2012-10-09]. (原始内容存档于2002-09-27). 
  7. ^ Theresa Merto. Guam Power Authority Lines up Priorities, Crews Work to Connect Shelters, 911 Center. ReliefWeb. Pacific Daily News. 2002-07-12 [2012-10-09]. 
  8. ^ Carl T.C. Gutierrez. Executive Order No. 2002-18 (PDF) (报告). Government of Guam. 2002-07-22 [2012-10-09]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-11-08). 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Typhoon "Florita" (报告). Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. [2012-09-24]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-28). 
  10. ^ Guy Carpenter. Tropical Cyclone Review 2002 (PDF) (报告). Marsh & McLennan Companies: 21. 2003-01-30 [2012-10-09]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-05-16). 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Historical Exchange Rates. Oanda Corporation. 2012 [2012-08-31]. 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Digital Typhoon. Typhoon 200207 (Halong) - Disaster Information (报告). [2012-10-09]. 
  13. ^ Second typhoon threatens Japan. CNN.com. 2002-07-15.  – 通过Lexis Nexis 需付费查阅
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Storm fades as Japan recovers. CNN.com. 2002-07-16.  – 通过Lexis Nexis 需付费查阅
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Weather Disaster Report (2002-662-06) (报告). Digital Typhoon. [2012-10-09]. 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Weather Disaster Report (2002-590-06) (报告). Digital Typhoon. [2012-10-09]. 
  17. ^ Weather Disaster Report (2002-582-01) (报告). Digital Typhoon. [2012-10-09]. 
  18. ^ Weather Disaster Report (2002-604-16) (报告). Digital Typhoon. [2012-10-09]. 
  19. ^ Weather Disaster Report (2002-616-14) (报告). Digital Typhoon. [2012-10-09]. 
  20. ^ Weather Disaster Report (2002-936-06) (报告). Digital Typhoon. [2012-10-09]. 
  21. ^ Weather Disaster Report (2002-827-06) (报告). Digital Typhoon. [2012-10-09]. 
  22. ^ Weather Disaster Report (2002-893-06) (报告). Digital Typhoon. [2012-10-09].