香檳池

香檳池
（Champagne Pool）
香檳池; （Champagne Pool）
	橙色來自硫化砷和硫化銻沉澱物
座標	38°37′S 176°35′E / 38.617°S 176.583°E
湖泊類型	地熱湖
所在國家	紐西蘭北島懷奧塔普
最大長度	65米
最大深度	62米
水體體積	50,000米3
滯留時間	34天
位置

香檳池（Champagne Pool）是紐西蘭北島懷卡托區懷奧塔普地熱區的一個著名景點。溫泉位於羅托路亞東南30公里，陶波50公里。香檳池的名稱來自大量二氧化碳的釋出如同玻璃杯中香檳酒的氣泡。溫泉形成於900年前一次火山爆發的熱液。^[1]湖的直徑約65米，最深處約為65米，估計容積為50,000立方米。^[2]

水質化學

香檳池地下深處的地熱水溫為260°C，^[3]但是由於熱量散發在空氣中，池中水溫保持在73°C到75°C。由於二氧化碳的釋出，池水pH值相對恆定在5.5。釋放的氣體主要是二氧化碳，也含有少量氮氣、甲烷、氫氣、硫化氫和氧氣。^[4]矽酸地熱液體中含有過飽和的類金屬化合物，如硫化砷和硫化銻，其沉澱物呈現出橙色。^[5]色彩艷麗的沉澱物與香檳池周圍灰白的二氧化矽火山灰熔渣形成對比。

生物學

儘管香檳池地球化學特性突出，但是關於它作為微生物形成的研究依然很少。氫氣和二氧化碳或者氧氣是產烷生物或氫氧化微生物自養生長的新陳代謝能量來源。非培養生物方法提供了溫泉中細絲狀的、球菌狀的和杆狀的細胞形態的證據。^[4]^[6]^[7]兩種特別的細菌和一種古菌被成功地從香檳池分離出來。^[8]

參考資料

^ Lloyd, E. F. The hot springs and hydrothermal eruptions of Waiotapu. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 1959, 2 (1): 141–176 [2013-02-02]. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-22）.
^ Hedenquist, J. W. Geothermal systems in the Taupo Volcanic Zone: Their characteristics and relation to volcanism and mineralisation. Bulletin of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 1986, 23: 134–168.
^ Giggenbach, W. F.; Sheppard, D. S.; Robinson, B. W.; Stewart, M. K.; Lyon, G. L. Geochemical structure and position of the Waiotapu geothermal field, New Zealand. Geothermics. 1994, 23 (5-6): 599–644. doi:10.1016/0375-6505(94)90022-1.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Jones, B.; Renaut, R. W.; Rosen, M. R. Biogenicity of gold- and silver-bearing siliceous sinters forming in hot (75 C ) anaerobic spring-waters of Champagne Pool, Waiotapu, North Island, New Zealand. Journal of the Geological Society. 2001, 158 (6): 895–911 [2013-02-02]. doi:10.1144/0016-764900-131. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-04）. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
^ Pope, J. G.; Brown, K. L.; McConchie, D. M. Gold concentrations in springs at Waiotapu, New Zealand: Implications for precious metal deposition in geothermal systems. Economic Geology. 2005, 100 (4): 677–687. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.100.4.677.
^ Mountain, B. W.; Benning, L. G.; Boerema, J. A. Experimental studies on New Zealand hot spring sinters: Rates of growth and textural development. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 2003, 40 (11): 1643. Bibcode:2003CaJES..40.1643M. doi:10.1139/e03-068.
^ Phoenix, V. R.; Renaut, R. W.; Jones, B. and Ferris, F. G. Bacterial S-layer preservation and rare arsenic-antimony-sulphide bioimmobilization in siliceous sediments from Champagne Pool hot spring, Waiotapu, New Zealand. Journal of the Geological Society. 2005, 162 (2): 323–331 [2013-02-02]. doi:10.1139/e03-068. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-22）. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
^ Hetzer, A.; Morgan, H. W.; McDonald, I. R. and Daughney, C. J. Microbial life in Champagne Pool, a geothermal spring in Waiotapu, New Zealand. Extremophiles. 2007, 11 (4): 605–614 [2013-02-02]. PMID 17426919. doi:10.1007/s00792-007-0073-2. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-23）. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

[1] Lloyd, E. F. The hot springs and hydrothermal eruptions of Waiotapu. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 1959, 2 (1): 141–176 [2013-02-02]. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-22）.

[2] Hedenquist, J. W. Geothermal systems in the Taupo Volcanic Zone: Their characteristics and relation to volcanism and mineralisation. Bulletin of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 1986, 23: 134–168.

[3] Giggenbach, W. F.; Sheppard, D. S.; Robinson, B. W.; Stewart, M. K.; Lyon, G. L. Geochemical structure and position of the Waiotapu geothermal field, New Zealand. Geothermics. 1994, 23 (5-6): 599–644. doi:10.1016/0375-6505(94)90022-1.

[Jones-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Jones, B.; Renaut, R. W.; Rosen, M. R. Biogenicity of gold- and silver-bearing siliceous sinters forming in hot (75 C ) anaerobic spring-waters of Champagne Pool, Waiotapu, North Island, New Zealand. Journal of the Geological Society. 2001, 158 (6): 895–911 [2013-02-02]. doi:10.1144/0016-764900-131. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-04）. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

[5] Pope, J. G.; Brown, K. L.; McConchie, D. M. Gold concentrations in springs at Waiotapu, New Zealand: Implications for precious metal deposition in geothermal systems. Economic Geology. 2005, 100 (4): 677–687. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.100.4.677.

[6] Mountain, B. W.; Benning, L. G.; Boerema, J. A. Experimental studies on New Zealand hot spring sinters: Rates of growth and textural development. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 2003, 40 (11): 1643. Bibcode:2003CaJES..40.1643M. doi:10.1139/e03-068.

[7] Phoenix, V. R.; Renaut, R. W.; Jones, B. and Ferris, F. G. Bacterial S-layer preservation and rare arsenic-antimony-sulphide bioimmobilization in siliceous sediments from Champagne Pool hot spring, Waiotapu, New Zealand. Journal of the Geological Society. 2005, 162 (2): 323–331 [2013-02-02]. doi:10.1139/e03-068. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-22）. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

[8] Hetzer, A.; Morgan, H. W.; McDonald, I. R. and Daughney, C. J. Microbial life in Champagne Pool, a geothermal spring in Waiotapu, New Zealand. Extremophiles. 2007, 11 (4): 605–614 [2013-02-02]. PMID 17426919. doi:10.1007/s00792-007-0073-2. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-23）. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

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