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用户:Cypp0847/丘吉尔看守内阁

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Cypp0847/丘吉尔看守内阁
 英国看守政府
1945年5月至7月
1945年6月27日,
温斯顿·丘吉尔在大选竞选期间发言
建立日期1945年5月23日 (1945-05-23)
解散日期1945年7月26日 (1945-07-26)
组织与人物
英王乔治六世
首相温斯顿·丘吉尔
历任首脑1940–1945英语Timeline of the first premiership of Winston Churchill
副政府首脑没有[a]
成员总数92人
议会地位多数派政府
反对党工党
反对党领袖克莱门特·艾德礼
历史
卸任选举1945年大选
议会任期37th UK Parliament英语List of MPs elected in the 1935 United Kingdom general election
前任丘吉尔战时内阁英语Churchill war ministry
继任艾德礼内阁

丘吉尔看守内阁(英语:Churchill caretaker ministry)是第二次世界大战期间的英国内阁,任期为1945年5月23日至7月26日,时任首相保守党党魁温斯顿·丘吉尔

丘吉尔在1940年5月10日首次拜相,组成跨党派联盟战时内阁英语Churchill war ministry,阁员来自保守党、工党自由党的领导层。纳粹德国投降后,联盟内的党派未能就是否续任至日本战败而达成共识,内阁因而倒台。

看守政府继续在远东迎战日本的同时,首相将重心放在波茨坦会议,因为他届时将连同外交大臣艾登会见苏联领导人斯大林美国总统杜鲁门。至于国内政策重点则是国家的战后复苏,包括教育、卫生、住房、工业、社会福利各方面的改革。同年7月5日,英国举行十年来首场大选。各党派在竞选期间聚焦上述议题,争取选民支持。由于大量驻扎国外的军人的选票需时运回英国,因此选举结果要直至7月5日才能公布。随着工党在选举中大胜,丘吉尔因而辞任首相,由他的战时内阁副手克莱门特·艾德礼接任,筹组工党政府.

背景

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1935年大选让保守党取得足够有余的议席筹组政府,由史丹利·鲍德温出任首相一职[1]。1937年5月,鲍德温退休后,接任的内维尔·张伯伦延续前朝政府的绥靖主义政策,应对日德意的威胁[2]。1938年,张伯伦与纳粹德国元首希特勒签署《慕尼黑协定》后,他警觉到德国的侵略之心日益膨胀,因而在1939年3月签署《英波军事同盟》,承诺一旦波兰遭受攻击,英国将会出手协防[3]波兰被纳粹德国入侵后,张伯伦在1939年9月3日向纳粹德国宣战,继而组成战时内阁。丘吉尔虽然自1929年6月起已无供职,但仍获邀入阁出任第一海军大臣[4]

1940年春季,德国成功入侵挪威,国内更加不满张伯伦的领导能力。5月8日,下议院进行挪威辩论英语Norway Debate期间,在野的工党要求进行表决,被视为是实际上的不信任动议。虽然政府渡过一劫,但议会内的优势已经由213席急跌至81席,无疑是对张伯伦的一大打击[5]

5月10日,德国开始入侵荷兰和比利时。张伯伦一度考虑请辞挂冠,但认为时机不当而放弃此想法[6]。同日,工党决定不会加入张伯伦领导下的全国联盟,但会加入由保守党另有其人出任首相的政府[7]。张伯伦及后请辞,并进言英王任命丘吉尔为继任人。新任英揆丘吉尔马上筹组全国联盟,让工党和自由党的领军人物出任内阁的关键职位[7]。纵然曾经历严重挫败,战时内阁仍然稳阵,最终与美苏合作击败纳粹德国[8]

扩大联盟

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温斯顿·丘吉尔(中)、安内斯·贝凡(右)、约翰·安德森爵士(左)在欧战胜利纪念日向白厅外群众挥手。安德森后来加入了看守内阁,但贝凡及工党党员则没有。

1944年10月,丘吉尔在下议院发表演说,动议国会延任多一年,以待德国甚至日本战败。英国自1935年后已没举行国会选举,而丘吉尔亦决定,当战事结束后,就会尽快举行大选。丘吉尔未能估计对日战争何时了结,但他有信心德国会在明年夏季前败仗,因此他告诉在席议员:“我们必须视结束纳粹主义战争为确定何时举行下场大选的指标”[9]

1945年4月初,英国在欧洲战场的胜利在即,丘吉尔会见副首相兼工党党魁克莱门特·艾德礼,商讨战时内阁的未来去向。艾德礼原定在4月17日起程前往美国,出席成立联合国旧金山会议,预计5月16日才会返国。同行的还有内阁大臣安东尼·艾登傅罗伦丝·何士保英语Florence Horsbrugh爱伦·韦健臣英语Ellen Wilkinson。丘吉尔向艾德礼保证,国会不会在他们仍未返国前解散。5月8日欧战胜利纪念日之后,丘吉尔改变了提前大选的想法,建议联盟执政至日本战败[10]

不过,属工党的内政大臣赫伯特·莫里森却在此时公布题为《让我们面对未来》的声明,被视为选举的竞选宣言。多名保守党中人随之回应。拉票活动起初不算热烈,更在4月30日希特勒死亡后一度沉寂,但到欧战胜利纪念日后重拾步伐[11]。5月11日,丘吉尔会见莫里森以及劳工国务大臣安内斯·贝凡,透露自己希望现届政府执政至日本战败[12]。二人则转述工党全国执行委员会(全国执委会)的取态,认为无论远东战况如何,大选都应该在10月举行,因为对日战争可能还要持续十八个月[12][13]。工党拒绝联盟执政至10月后,保守党内部开始呼吁丘吉尔在6月或7月举行选举。比华博勋爵布兰登·白勤英语Brendan Bracken等保守党高层想藉丘吉尔“打赢仗”的个人魅力,从中获益[9]。反之,工党希望丘吉尔的支持度回落。同党的莫里森亦指出,最新和较为准确的选民数字会在10月前出炉[13]

艾登和艾德礼在5月16日回国后,艾德礼在当晚与丘吉尔会面。虽然艾德礼支持看守内阁执政至日本战败,但他留意到大多数工党党员持不同意见[12][14]。丘吉尔致函全国执委会,提出折衷方案,当中包括贝凡加入的社会改革承诺,但全国执委会仍然认为不足以说服他们转軚。5月20日周日,全国执委会通过支持在10月举行全国大选,决议翌日获绝大多数大会代表赞成[15][14],艾德礼之后致电丘吉尔告知工党的决定。在比华博透过旗下报章煽风点火下,二人开始不和[16]

5月23日周三中午,丘吉尔向英王乔治六世呈交辞呈[17]。他执意回府唐宁街,让外界以为英王仍能选择邀请何人筹组新政府。下午四点,丘吉尔再获白金汉宫召见,英王邀请他筹组新一任政府,直至选举结果尘埃落定;丘吉尔决定接受[18][19]。当局同意国会将于6月15日解散,7月5日举行大选。由于有大量现役军人身在海外,因此大选点票只会在7月26日开始,以待收集军人的选票[16]

筹组内阁

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约翰·F·诺特英语John F. Knott的《达拉斯晨早新闻英语The Dallas Morning News》时事卡通将丘吉尔描绘成“看门工人”;丘吉尔在现实中是一位业余砌砖工

丘吉尔的新政府虽然通称“看守内阁”,但正式名称仍为“国民政府”,意味新政府延续三十年代起由保守党主导的跨党派联盟。新政府亦继续是保守党阁员为主,获细党国民自由党英语National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)以及约翰·安德森爵士等人支持[20]。丘吉尔在5月26日早上完成任命所有阁僚后,便偕同妻子克莱门特婷驾车前往他的选区活特福德英语Woodford (UK Parliament constituency),发表首次竞选演说[18]。他回应“看守”昵称时表示:“他们都叫我们‘看守者’;我们包容这个称号,因为这代表我们要好好看管所有影响英国福祉和英国各阶层的所有事物[20][18]。”5月28日,丘吉尔正式获英王再次任命为首相[16]

此后,工党与自由党的国会议员组成反对党,除了身在内阁的自由党议员桂廉·莱德·乔治英语Gwilym Lloyd George, 1st Viscount Tenby。乔治自1942年6月起出任燃料及电力国务大臣英语Minister of Fuel and Power,他亦应丘吉尔邀请留任看守内阁。丘吉尔筹组内阁时的主要工作是撤换所有工党和自由党的大臣,并没有大规模重整政府架构,只新增了两个职位:其一是彼得·霍尼戈夫出任的战争交通部英语Ministry of War Transport国会秘书英语Parliamentary secretary;其二是另一位外交政务国务大臣英语Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs,任命了卢福勋爵英语Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat去分担邓格拉斯勋爵的工作[21]

国内事件

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由于大选在即,因此国会在看守内阁执政时的会期只有十四日,由5月29日去到6月15日,期间曾发生过一些争议。6月7日,丘吉尔拒绝下议院的要求,公开雅尔塔会议的所有讨论事宜,仅强调没有任何密约[22]国会会期中止英语Prorogation in the United Kingdom在6月15日中止前的一刻,总共有27项法令御准[b],全都是战时内阁执政期间国会动议和辩论的法案,当中尤以重要的是《1945年家庭津贴法令英语Family Allowances Act 1945》。 which came into effect on 6 August 1946. This Act is important as the firs UK law to provide child benefit英语child benefit and it is seen as a tribute to the work done over thirty years by Eleanor Rathbone英语Eleanor Rathbone who championed the family allowance cause.[24][c]

The government was actively involved in monitoring levels of rationing英语Rationing in the United Kingdom. Key to this was the Ministry of Food英语Minister of Food under John Llewellin and his parliamentary secretary英语Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Food, Florence Horsbrugh. A number of changes were actioned on 27 May, three weeks after VE Day, including cuts in the bacon ration from 4oz to 3oz per week, in the cooking fat ration from 2oz to 1oz, and a one-eighth cut in the soap ration, except for babies and young children.[26][27] There was good news on 1 June for civilian motorists, though very few people owned private cars in 1945, when the basic petrol ration for civilians was restored. It had been abolished on 1 July 1942 when petrol consumption was restricted to military and industrial use only.[27] There was otherwise very little change with most food products continuing to be rationed as during the war. The same applied to clothing until 1949, and the Utility Clothing Scheme英语Utility Clothing Scheme continued under its "Make Do and Mend" ethos.[27]

There was little opportunity within such a short Parliament, and with an election campaign underway, for any effective measures to be brought forward by the caretaker administration and so, for the most part, they kept a watching brief while trying to convince the electorate that they would get down to the real business after the election. With this in mind, a cornerstone of the Conservative manifesto was implementation of the coalition government's Four-Year Plan.[28] According to Martin Gilbert英语Martin Gilbert, Churchill was influenced in this by the views of his daughter Sarah英语Sarah Churchill (actress).[28] The Four-Year Plan had been prepared two years earlier by William Beveridge and called for the creation of the National Health Service (NHS) and the welfare state. These measures were also part of the Labour manifesto and Churchill, encouraged by Sarah and others, decided to go further by promising free milk for the under-fives and a housing programme to ensure "homes for all".[28][d]

国际事件

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续迎战日本

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The war against Japan continued for the duration of the caretaker ministry and ended on 15 August, three weeks after Churchill's resignation.[30] Even before the defeat of Germany, Churchill had told the Americans that he wanted the Royal Navy to play a prominent role in the defeat of Japan and the liberation of Britain's Asian colonies, especially Singapore. The Americans were unenthusiastic, suspecting that Churchill's intentions were primarily imperialist. Neither Franklin Roosevelt nor Harry Truman had any intention of helping to sustain the British Empire.[31]

In their successful campaigns of 1944 and the early months of 1945英语Burma campaign 1944–45, the British Army and its allies had mostly cleared Burma of Japanese forces by May 1945. Rangoon had fallen to the Allies on 2 May following the Battle of Elephant Point英语Battle of Elephant Point. While Churchill hoped for a triumphant re-entry to Singapore,[31] its recovery was logistically difficult and it remained under Japanese control until 12 September when it was finally recovered, following the Japanese surrender, by British forces in Operation Tiderace英语Operation Tiderace.[32]

波茨坦会议

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Churchill at the Potsdam Conference, July 1945, with Stalin (second left) and Truman (centre). Admiral Leahy is fourth left.

Churchill was Great Britain's representative at the post-war Potsdam Conference when it opened on 17 July. It was a "Big Three" event with Joseph Stalin representing the Soviet Union and President Harry Truman the United States. Ever since the conference was first proposed, Churchill had worried about the countries of eastern Europe, especially Poland, which had been overrun by the Red Army.[33] He was accompanied at the sessions not only by Eden as Foreign Secretary but also by Attlee, pending the result of the general election held on 5 July.[34][35] They attended nine sessions in nine days before returning to England for their election counts. After the landslide Labour victory, Attlee returned to Potsdam with Ernest Bevin as the new Foreign Secretary and there were a further five days of discussion.[36]

According to Eden, Churchill's performance at Potsdam was "appalling" because he was unprepared and verbose. Eden said Churchill upset the Chinese, exasperated the Americans and was easily led by Stalin, whom he was supposed to be resisting.[37] This negative version of events is contradicted by Gilbert who describes Churchill's eager involvement in discussions with Stalin and Truman. Their main topics were the successful testing by the Americans of the atom bomb and the demarcation of a new frontier between Poland and East Germany. Stalin insisted on extending the frontier westward to the Oder and Western Neisse rivers, forming the Oder–Neisse line and thus incorporating most of Silesia into Poland. Churchill and Truman opposed this proposal but to no avail. Gilbert does recount that Field Marshal Montgomery was worried about Churchill's health, saying in a letter that Churchill had "put on ten years since I last saw him".[38]

黎凡特危机

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Earlier, on 31 May, Churchill and Eden had intervened in the so-called Levant Crisis英语Levant Crisis which had been initiated by French General Charles de Gaulle. Acting as head of the French Provisional Government, de Gaulle had ordered French forces to establish an air base in Syria and a naval base in Lebanon. The action provoked a nationalist outbreak in both countries and France responded with an armed retaliation, leading to many civilian deaths. With the situation escalating out of control, Churchill gave de Gaulle an ultimatum to desist. This was ignored and British forces from neighbouring Transjordan were mobilised to restore order. The French, heavily outnumbered, had no option but to return to their bases. A diplomatic row broke out and Churchill reportedly told a colleague that de Gaulle was "a great danger to peace and for Great Britain".[39]

首相请辞

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Voters in Holborn arriving at their polling station.

Churchill mishandled the election campaign by resorting to party politics and trying to denigrate Labour.[40] On 4 June, he committed a serious political gaffe by saying in a radio broadcast that a Labour government would require "some form of Gestapo" to enforce its agenda:[41][42][43]

No Socialist Government conducting the entire life and industry of the country could afford to allow free, sharp, or violently-worded expressions of public discontent. They would have to fall back on some form of Gestapo, no doubt very humanely directed in the first instance.

It backfired badly and Attlee made political capital by saying in his reply broadcast next day: "The voice we heard last night was that of Mr Churchill, but the mind was that of Lord Beaverbrook". Roy Jenkins says that this broadcast was "the making of Attlee".[44] Richard Toye英语Richard Toye, writing in 2010, said the Gestapo speech had retained all of the notoriety it gained at the time of delivery. Many of Churchill's colleagues and supporters were appalled by it, including Leo Amery who praised Attlee's "adroit reply to Winston's rhodomontade".[45] The broadcast impacted the electorate's perception of Churchill as their national leader, causing him to lose credibility. The problem was that a national leader was expected to behave differently to a party leader during an election and Churchill failed to strike the right balance.[46]

Nevertheless, although the Gestapo speech created a negative response, Churchill personally retained a very high approval rating in opinion polls and was still expected to win the election.[42] The main reason for his defeat was underlying discontent with, and suspicion of, the Conservative party. There was widespread dissatisfaction with the Conservative-dominated government of the 1930s and, recognising the public mood, Labour ran a very effective campaign which focused on the real issues facing the British people in peacetime – the 1930s had been an era of poverty and mass unemployment, so Labour's manifesto promised full employment, improved housing and the provision of free medical services.[42] These issues were foremost in the minds of the voters and Labour was trusted to resolve them.[42]

Churchill's principal theme in the election campaign was always the perils inherent, as he saw them, in socialism, but the Conservatives had to offer an alternative and Churchill stressed to his colleagues that a Conservative government must be constructive.[47] He saw the housing shortage as the main issue and announced his commitment to rebuilding in a broadcast on 13 June but, as with the Gestapo speech on 4 June, he ruined the effect by again insisting that Labour would deploy some form of political police to control the nation.[28] On 3 July, he called for an intensive effort by his Cabinet colleagues to promote housebuilding[48] and prepare legislation for both national insurance and the NHS, but his concerns in these areas were unknown by the electorate to the extent that, when he addressed an audience in the Labour stronghold of Walthamstow that evening, he was almost forced to abandon the event because of booing and heckling.[49] Many commentators felt that Churchill's election speeches lacked "vim" and there is a view that he was much more interested in what was happening in eastern Europe than in Great Britain, but eastern Europe was Churchill's primary concern at Potsdam.[50]

Polling day was on 5 July and, after the agreed delay for collection of the overseas service votes, the results were declared on 26 July.[16] The outcome was a landslide victory for the Labour Party with a Commons majority of 146 over all other parties.[51] Churchill had a constitutional right to remain in office until defeated by a no confidence vote in the House of Commons. He wanted to exercise this right, partly so he could return to Potsdam as prime minister, but instead was persuaded to resign that evening and was succeeded by Attlee.[51][52][53][54]

The caretaker ministry's short term of office means that a critical assessment of its performance is difficult but Stuart Ball英语Stuart Ball credits Churchill as "a good constructor of cabinets" and says that, although the 1945 government is sometimes unfairly dismissed, "it was a sound and capable team".[55] Gilbert points out that the ministry's efforts were overshadowed by the general election in which Churchill himself was the focus of public interest.[49]

内阁大臣

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This table lists those ministers who held Cabinet membership in the caretaker ministry.[21] Many retained roles they held in the war ministry and these are marked in situ with the date of their original appointment. For new appointments, their predecessor's name is given.

Leo Amery, Secretary of State for India and Burma
Harold Macmillan, Secretary of State for Air英语Secretary of State for Air
Lord Woolton英语Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton, Lord President of the Council
Portfolio Minister Party Notes and citations
Prime Minister and First Lord of the Treasury Winston Churchill style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 10 May 1940; Churchill was also the Minister of Defence
Lord President of the Council Lord Woolton英语Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton style="background: Template:National Government (United Kingdom)/meta/color" | National succeeded Clement Attlee; Woolton was previously Minister of Reconstruction英语Minister of Reconstruction
Lord Privy Seal Lord Beaverbrook style="background:Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 24 September 1943
Leader of the House of Lords Viscount Cranborne英语Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury style="background:Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 21 February 1942; Cranborne was also Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs英语Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs
Chancellor of the Exchequer Sir John Anderson style="background-color: Template:National Government (United Kingdom)/meta/color" | National in situ – appointed 24 September 1943
Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden style="background:Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 22 December 1940
Home Secretary Donald Somervell英语Donald Somervell style="background:Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative succeeded Herbert Morrison; Somervell was previously Attorney General
First Lord of the Admiralty Brendan Bracken英语Brendan Bracken style="background:Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative succeeded A. V. Alexander英语A. V. Alexander; Bracken was previously Minister of Information英语Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)
Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food英语Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Robert Hudson英语Robert Hudson, 1st Viscount Hudson style="background:Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 14 May 1940
Secretary of State for Air英语Secretary of State for Air Harold Macmillan style="background:Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative succeeded Sir Archibald Sinclair英语Sir Archibald Sinclair; Macmillan was previously Minister-Resident英语Resident (title) in North-west Africa
Secretary of State for the Colonies英语Secretary of State for the Colonies Oliver Stanley英语Oliver Stanley style="background:Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 22 November 1942
Minister of Defence Winston Churchill style="background:Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 10 May 1940 in addition to becoming Prime Minister
Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs英语Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs Viscount Cranborne英语Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury style="background:Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 24 September 1943; Cranborne was also Leader of the House of Lords
Minister of Education Richard Law英语Richard Law, 1st Baron Coleraine style="background:Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative succeeded Rab Butler; Law was previously Minister of State for Foreign Affairs英语Minister of State for Foreign Affairs (United Kingdom)
Secretary of State for India and Burma Leo Amery style="background:Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 13 May 1940
Minister of Labour and National Service英语Minister of Labour and National Service Rab Butler style="background:Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative succeeded Ernest Bevin; Butler was previously Minister of Education
Minister of Production英语Minister of Production Oliver Lyttelton英语Oliver Lyttelton style="background:Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 12 March 1942; Lyttelton was also President of the Board of Trade
Secretary of State for Scotland Earl of Rosebery英语Harry Primrose, 6th Earl of Rosebery style="background-color: Template:National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)/meta/color" | National succeeded Tom Johnston英语Tom Johnston (British politician); Rosebery was previously a Regional Commissioner for Civil Defence in Scotland
President of the Board of Trade Oliver Lyttelton英语Oliver Lyttelton style="background:Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative succeeded Hugh Dalton; Lyttelton was also Minister of Production英语Minister of Production
Secretary of State for War英语Secretary of State for War Sir P. J. Grigg英语Sir P. J. Grigg style="background:Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 22 February 1942

阁外大臣

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This table lists those ministers who held non-Cabinet roles in the caretaker ministry.[21] Some retained roles they held in the war ministry and these are marked in situ with the date of their original appointment. For new appointments, their predecessor's name is given.

Thelma Cazalet-Keir英语Thelma Cazalet-Keir, Parliamentary Secretary英语Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Education英语Ministry of Education
Harry Crookshank英语Harry Crookshank, Postmaster General英语Postmaster General of the United Kingdom
File:Edward Grigg.jpg
Sir Edward Grigg英语Edward Grigg, 1st Baron Altrincham, Minister-Resident for the Middle East英语Minister-Resident for the Middle East
Leslie Hore-Belisha, Minister of National Insurance
Florence Horsbrugh英语Florence Horsbrugh, Baroness Horsbrugh, Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Food英语Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Food
John Llewellin, Minister of Food英语Minister of Food
Sir Arthur Salter英语Arthur Salter, 1st Baron Salter, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon, Lord Chancellor
Spencer Summers英语Spencer Summers, Secretary for Overseas Trade英语Secretary for Overseas Trade
Peter Thorneycroft, Parliamentary Secretary英语Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of War Transport英语Ministry of War Transport
Sir Walter Womersley英语Sir Walter Womersley, 1st Baronet, Minister for Pensions
Portfolio Minister Party Notes and citations
Lord Chancellor Viscount Simon style="background: Template:National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)/meta/color" | Liberal National英语National Liberal Party (UK, 1931) in situ – appointed 10 May 1940
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster Sir Arthur Salter英语Arthur Salter, 1st Baron Salter style="background: Template:Independent politician/meta/color" | Independent succeeded Ernest Brown英语Ernest Brown (British politician); Salter was previously Parliamentary Secretary英语Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Shipping英语Ministry of Shipping (United Kingdom)
Minister of Aircraft Production英语Minister of Aircraft Production Ernest Brown英语Ernest Brown (British politician) style="background: Template:National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)/meta/color" | Liberal National英语National Liberal Party (UK, 1931) succeeded Sir Stafford Cripps; Brown was previously Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Minister of Civil Aviation Viscount Swinton英语Philip Cunliffe-Lister, 1st Viscount Swinton style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 8 October 1944
Minister of Food英语Minister of Food (United Kingdom) John Llewellin style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 11 November 1943
Minister of Fuel and Power英语Minister of Fuel and Power Gwilym Lloyd George英语Gwilym Lloyd George, 1st Viscount Tenby style="background: Template:Liberal Party (UK)/meta/color" | Liberal in situ – appointed 3 June 1942
Minister of Health Henry Willink英语Henry Willink style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 11 November 1943
Minister of Information英语Minister of Information Geoffrey Lloyd英语Geoffrey Lloyd, Baron Geoffrey-Lloyd style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative succeeded Brendan Bracken英语Brendan Bracken; Lloyd was previously Parliamentary Secretary英语Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Fuel and Power英语Ministry of Fuel and Power
Minister of National Insurance Leslie Hore-Belisha英语Leslie Hore-Belisha, 1st Baron Hore-Belisha style="background: Template:National Government (United Kingdom)/meta/color" | National succeeded Sir William Jowitt英语William Jowitt, 1st Earl Jowitt; Hore-Belisha had been a backbench MP since 1940 when he resigned as Secretary of State for War英语Secretary of State for War
Minister for Pensions Sir Walter Womersley英语Sir Walter Womersley, 1st Baronet style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 7 June 1939 by Neville Chamberlain; Womersley was the only minister to hold the same office throughout the war until the 1945 general election
Minister of Supply英语Minister of Supply Sir Andrew Duncan英语Andrew Rae Duncan style="background: Template:National Government (United Kingdom)/meta/color" | National in situ – appointed 4 February 1942
Minister of Town and Country Planning英语Town and country planning in the United Kingdom William Morrison英语William Morrison, 1st Viscount Dunrossil style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 30 December 1942
Minister of War Transport英语Minister of War Transport Lord Leathers style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 1 May 1941
Minister of Works英语First Commissioner of Works Duncan Sandys style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 21 November 1944
Attorney General Sir David Maxwell Fyfe英语David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative succeeded Sir Donald Somervell英语Donald Somervell, Baron Somervell of Harrow; Fyfe was previously Solicitor General
Solicitor General Sir Walter Monckton英语Walter Monckton, 1st Viscount Monckton of Brenchley style="background: Template:National Government (United Kingdom)/meta/color" | National succeeded Sir David Maxwell Fyfe英语David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir; a qualified legal advisor, Monckton was new to political office
Solicitor General for Scotland英语Solicitor General for Scotland Sir David King Murray英语David King Murray, Lord Birnam style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 5 June 1941
Lord Advocate英语Lord Advocate James Reid英语James Reid, Baron Reid style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 5 June 1941
Paymaster General Lord Cherwell style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 30 December 1942
Postmaster General英语United Kingdom Postmaster General Harry Crookshank英语Harry Crookshank style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 7 February 1943
Assistant Postmaster-General英语Assistant Postmaster-General William Anstruther-Gray英语William Anstruther-Gray, Baron Kilmany style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative succeeded Robert Grimston英语Robert Grimston, 1st Baron Grimston of Westbury; an MP since 1931, Anstruther-Gray served in the Coldstream Guards from 1939 to May 1945
Minister-Resident for the Middle East英语Minister-Resident for the Middle East Sir Edward Grigg英语Edward Grigg, 1st Baron Altrincham style="background: Template:National Government (United Kingdom)/meta/color" | National in situ – appointed 21 November 1944; this ministry was terminated by the Attlee government
Minister-Resident英语Resident (title) for West Africa Harold Balfour英语Harold Balfour style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 21 November 1944; this ministry was terminated by the Attlee government
Financial Secretary to the Admiralty英语Financial Secretary to the Admiralty James Thomas英语James Thomas, 1st Viscount Cilcennin style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 25 September 1943
Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty Sir Victor Warrender, Bt英语Victor Warrender, 1st Baron Bruntisfield style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 17 May 1940
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries英语Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Donald Scott英语Donald Scott (politician) style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative succeeded Tom Williams英语Tom Williams, Baron Williams of Barnburgh; Scott was previously a backbench MP; position held jointly with the Duke of Norfolk英语Bernard Fitzalan-Howard, 16th Duke of Norfolk
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries英语Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Duke of Norfolk英语Bernard Fitzalan-Howard, 16th Duke of Norfolk style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 8 February 1941; position held jointly with Donald Scott英语Donald Scott (politician)
Parliamentary Secretary英语Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Aircraft Production英语Ministry of Aircraft Production Alan Lennox-Boyd英语Alan Lennox-Boyd, 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 11 November 1943
Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade英语Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade Charles Waterhouse英语Charles Waterhouse (British politician) style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 8 February 1941
Parliamentary Secretary英语Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Civil Aviation Robert Perkins英语Robert Perkins (MP) style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 22 March 1945
Parliamentary Secretary英语Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Education英语Ministry of Education Thelma Cazalet-Keir英语Thelma Cazalet-Keir style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative succeeded James Chuter Ede英语James Chuter Ede; Cazalet-Keir was previously a backbench MP
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Food英语Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Food Florence Horsbrugh英语Florence Horsbrugh, Baroness Horsbrugh style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative succeeded William Mabane英语William Mabane, 1st Baron Mabane; Horsbrugh was previously Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health英语Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health
Parliamentary Secretary英语Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Fuel and Power英语Ministry of Fuel and Power Sir Austin Hudson, Bt英语Sir Austin Hudson, 1st Baronet style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative succeeded Tom Smith英语Tom Smith (British politician); Hudson was previously a backbench MP
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health英语Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health Hamilton Kerr英语Hamilton Kerr style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative succeeded Florence Horsbrugh英语Florence Horsbrugh, Baroness Horsbrugh; Kerr was previously a backbench MP who served in the Royal Air Force from 1939 to May 1945
Parliamentary Secretary for India and Burma英语Parliamentary Secretary for India and Burma Earl of Scarbrough英语Roger Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative succeeded the Earl of Listowel英语William Hare, 5th Earl of Listowel; Scarbrough was a former MP who served in the Army during World War II
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Labour英语Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Labour Malcolm McCorquodale英语Malcolm McCorquodale, 1st Baron McCorquodale of Newton style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 4 February 1942
Parliamentary Secretary英语Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of National Insurance英语Ministry of National Insurance Charles Peat英语Charles Peat style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 22 March 1945
Secretary for Overseas Trade英语Secretary for Overseas Trade Spencer Summers英语Spencer Summers style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative succeeded Harcourt Johnstone英语Harcourt Johnstone; Summers was previously the Director-General of Regional Organisation at the Ministry of Supply英语Ministry of Supply
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Pensions英语Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Pensions William Sidney英语William Sidney, 1st Viscount De L'Isle style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative succeeded Wilfred Paling英语Wilfred Paling; Sidney was previously an army officer who first entered Parliament in October 1944
Parliamentary Secretary英语Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Production英语Ministry of Production John Maclay英语John Maclay, 1st Viscount Muirshiel style="background: Template:National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)/meta/color" | Liberal National英语National Liberal Party (UK, 1931) succeeded George Garro-Jones英语George Garro-Jones; Maclay was previously head of the British Merchant Shipping Mission to Washington, DC
Parliamentary Secretary英语Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Supply英语Ministry of Supply Robert Grimston英语Robert Grimston, 1st Baron Grimston of Westbury style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative succeeded James de Rothschild; Grimston was previously Assistant Postmaster-General英语Assistant Postmaster-General
Parliamentary Secretary英语Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Town and Country Planning英语Town and country planning in the United Kingdom Ronald Tree英语Ronald Tree style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative succeeded Arthur Jenkins英语Arthur Jenkins (politician); Tree was previously a backbench MP
Parliamentary Secretary英语Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of War Transport英语Ministry of War Transport Peter Thorneycroft style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative no immediate predecessor; Thorneycroft was previously a backbench MP who served in the Royal Artillery through the war
Parliamentary Secretary英语Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Works英语Ministry of Works (United Kingdom) Reginald Manningham-Buller英语Reginald Manningham-Buller, 1st Viscount Dilhorne style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative succeeded George Hicks英语George Hicks (trade unionist); Manningham-Buller was previously a backbench MP, having been first elected in 1943
Financial Secretary to the Treasury Osbert Peake英语Osbert Peake, 1st Viscount Ingleby style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 29 October 1944
Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury James Stuart英语James Gray Stuart, 1st Viscount Stuart of Findhorn style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 14 January 1941
Lord of the Treasury英语Lord of the Treasury Alec Beechman英语Alec Beechman style="background: Template:National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)/meta/color" | Liberal National英语National Liberal Party (UK, 1931) in situ – appointed 28 September 1943
Lord of the Treasury英语Lord of the Treasury Patrick Buchan-Hepburn英语Patrick Buchan-Hepburn, 1st Baron Hailes style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 6 December 1944
Lord of the Treasury英语Lord of the Treasury Robert Cary英语Sir Robert Cary, 1st Baronet style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative succeeded William John英语William John (politician); Cary was previously the Parliamentary Private Secretary英语Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for India and Burma
Lord of the Treasury英语Lord of the Treasury Cedric Drewe英语Cedric Drewe style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 7 July 1944
Lord of the Treasury英语Lord of the Treasury Charles Mott-Radclyffe英语Charles Mott-Radclyffe style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative succeeded Leslie Pym英语Leslie Pym; Mott-Radclyffe was previously a backbench MP, first elected in 1942
Financial Secretary to the War Office英语Financial Secretary to the War Office Maurice Petherick英语Maurice Petherick style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative succeeded Arthur Henderson英语Arthur Henderson, Baron Rowley; Petherick was previously a backbench MP
Minister of State for Foreign Affairs英语Minister of State for Foreign Affairs (United Kingdom) William Mabane英语William Mabane style="background: Template:National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)/meta/color" | Liberal National英语National Liberal Party (UK, 1931) succeeded Richard Law英语Richard Law, 1st Baron Coleraine; Mabane was previously Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Food英语Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Food
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs英语Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Lord Dunglass style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative succeeded George Hall英语George Hall, 1st Viscount Hall; Dunglass was previously a backbench MP having earlier been Parliamentary Private Secretary英语Parliamentary Private Secretary to Neville Chamberlain
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs英语Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Lord Lovat英语Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative newly created as a joint role; Lovat served as a Commandos officer during the war
Under-Secretary of State for Air英语Under-Secretary of State for Air Quintin Hogg style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 12 April 1945
Under-Secretary of State for Air英语Under-Secretary of State for Air Earl Beatty英语David Field Beatty, 2nd Earl Beatty style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative succeeded Hugh Seely英语Hugh Seely, 1st Baron Sherwood; Beatty was an army officer through the war
Under-Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs英语Under-Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs Paul Emrys-Evans英语Paul Emrys-Evans style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 4 March 1942
Under-Secretary of State for Scotland英语Under-Secretary of State for Scotland Allan Chapman英语Allan Chapman (politician) style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 4 March 1942
Under-Secretary of State for Scotland英语Under-Secretary of State for Scotland Thomas Galbraith英语Thomas Galbraith, 1st Baron Strathclyde style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative succeeded Joseph Westwood英语Joseph Westwood; Galbraith was previously a backbench MP and was in the Scottish Naval Command英语Scottish Naval Command during the war
Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies英语Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies Duke of Devonshire英语Edward Cavendish, 10th Duke of Devonshire style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 1 January 1943
Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department英语Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department Earl of Munster英语Geoffrey FitzClarence, 5th Earl of Munster style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 31 October 1944
Under-Secretary of State for War英语Under-Secretary of State for War Sir Henry Page Croft英语Henry Page Croft, 1st Baron Croft style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 17 May 1940
Civil Lord of the Admiralty英语Civil Lord of the Admiralty Richard Pilkington英语Richard Pilkington (1908–1976) style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 4 March 1942
Comptroller of the Household英语Comptroller of the Household Leslie Pym英语Leslie Pym style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative succeeded George Mathers英语George Mathers, 1st Baron Mathers; Pym was previously a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury
Treasurer of the Household英语Treasurer of the Household Sir James Edmondson英语James Edmondson, 1st Baron Sandford style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 12 March 1942
Vice-Chamberlain of the Household英语Vice-Chamberlain of the Household Arthur Young英语Sir Arthur Young, 1st Baronet style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 13 July 1944
Captain of the Gentlemen-at-Arms英语Captain of the Gentlemen-at-Arms Earl Fortescue英语Hugh Fortescue, 5th Earl Fortescue style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 22 March 1945
Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard英语Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard Lord Templemore英语Arthur Chichester, 4th Baron Templemore style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 31 May 1940
Lord in Waiting英语Lord in Waiting Lord Alness英语Robert Munro, 1st Baron Alness style="background: Template:National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)/meta/color" | Liberal National英语National Liberal Party (UK, 1931) in situ – appointed 4 June 1940
Lord in Waiting英语Lord in Waiting Marquess of Normanby英语Oswald Phipps, 4th Marquess of Normanby style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative in situ – appointed 22 March 1945
Lord in Waiting英语Lord in Waiting 10th Duke of Northumberland英语Hugh Percy, 10th Duke of Northumberland style="background: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | Conservative succeeded Viscount Clifden英语Francis Agar-Robartes, 7th Viscount Clifden; Northumberland was a Royal Artillery officer during the war

注释

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  1. ^ 时任保守党副党魁安东尼·艾登并没有出任英国副首相
  2. ^ 可透过《议会议事录英语Hansard》查证[23]
  3. ^ In his closing speech to Parliament, the King said that "legislation has been passed to provide for a scheme of family allowances, in which the families of serving men will be included".[25]
  4. ^ The housing shortage was still the primary domestic issue when Churchill formed his third ministry in 1951 and future prime minister Harold Macmillan was appointed Minister of Housing and Local Government英语Minister of Housing and Local Government with a commitment to build 300,000 new houses per annum, a target he achieved.[29]

参考文献

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  1. ^ Jenkins 2001,第485–486页.
  2. ^ Jenkins 2001,第514–515页.
  3. ^ Jenkins 2001,第543页.
  4. ^ Jenkins 2001,第551–552页.
  5. ^ Jenkins 2001,第576–582页.
  6. ^ Jenkins 2001,第583页.
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Jenkins 2001,第586页.
  8. ^ Jenkins 2001,第585页.
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Hermiston 2016,第356页.
  10. ^ Hermiston 2016,第356–357页.
  11. ^ Hermiston 2016,第357页.
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Hermiston 2016,第358页.
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Pelling 1980,第401页.
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Pelling 1980,第402页.
  15. ^ Hermiston 2016,第359页.
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Hermiston 2016,第360页.
  17. ^ Gilbert 1991,第845–846页.
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Gilbert 1991,第846页.
  19. ^ Roberts, Andrew. Churchill: Walking with Destiny. London: Allen Lane. 2018: 879. ISBN 978-02-41205-63-1. 
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 Hermiston 2016,第364页.
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Butler & Butler 1994,第17–20页.
  22. ^ Leonard, Thomas M. Day By Day: The Forties. New York: Facts On File, Inc. 1977: 500. ISBN 978-0-87196-375-8. 
  23. ^ Royal Assent. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 411, cols 1904–1905. 1945-06-15 [2020-09-04]. 
  24. ^ Cross, Rupert. The Family Allowances Act, 1945. The Modern Law Review (London School of Economics & Political Science). October 1946, 9 (3): 284–289. JSTOR 1089952. 
  25. ^ His Majesty's Most Gracious Speech. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 411, cols 1905–1910. 1945-06-15 [2020-09-04]. 
  26. ^ Tingle, Rory. 75 years on from rationing, what did we learn?. The Independent (London: Independent Digital News & Media Limited). 2015-01-08. 
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Ina. Rationing, Austerity and the Conservative Party Recovery after 1945. The Historical Journal (Cambridge University Press). March 1994, 37 (1): 173–197. JSTOR 2640057. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00014758. 
  28. ^ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 Gilbert 1991,第847页.
  29. ^ Jenkins 2001,第844–845页.
  30. ^ Text of Hirohito's Radio Rescript. The New York Times (New York City). 1945-08-15: 3 [2020-07-28]. 
  31. ^ 31.0 31.1 Jenkins 2001,第756页.
  32. ^ Park, Keith. Air Operations in South East Asia 3rd May 1945 to 12th September 1945 (PDF). London: War Office. August 1946.  published in 第39202號憲報. 伦敦宪报 (Supplement). 1951-04-13. 
  33. ^ Gilbert 1991,第848–849页.
  34. ^ Pelling 1980,第404页.
  35. ^ Gilbert 1991,第848页.
  36. ^ Jenkins 2001,第795–796页.
  37. ^ Jenkins 2001,第796页.
  38. ^ Gilbert 1991,第850–854页.
  39. ^ Fenby, Jonathan. The General: Charles de Gaulle and the France he saved. London: Simon & Schuster. 2011: 42–47. ISBN 978-18-47394-10-1. 
  40. ^ Jenkins 2001,第791–795页.
  41. ^ Jenkins 2001,第792页.
  42. ^ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 Addison, Paul. Why Churchill Lost in 1945. BBC History. BBC. 2011-02-17 [2020-06-04]. 
  43. ^ Toye 2010,第655页.
  44. ^ Jenkins 2001,第793页.
  45. ^ Toye 2010,第655–656页.
  46. ^ Toye 2010,第679–680页.
  47. ^ Gilbert 1991,第846–847页.
  48. ^ Pelling 1980,第413页.
  49. ^ 49.0 49.1 Gilbert 1991,第849页.
  50. ^ Gilbert 1991,第847–848页.
  51. ^ 51.0 51.1 Gilbert 1991,第855页.
  52. ^ Hermiston 2016,第366–367页.
  53. ^ Jenkins 2001,第798–799页.
  54. ^ Pelling 1980,第408页.
  55. ^ Ball, Stuart. Churchill and the Conservative Party. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (Cambridge University Press). 2001, 11: 328. JSTOR 3679426. S2CID 153860359. doi:10.1017/S0080440101000160. 

Bibliography

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延伸阅读

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前任:
Churchill war ministry英语Churchill war ministry
Government of the United Kingdom英语List of British governments
1945
继任:
First Attlee ministry英语Attlee ministry

Template:Churchill Template:British ministries