草稿:引文

A quotation posted near Henry David Thoreau's cabin at Walden Pond

引文，或称引言、引语等，是直接摘录自其他作品的文字。和用自己的语言解释相比，简短摘引文字有时表达效果更佳，争议也更少。本论述从文风、格式和版权角度，探讨维基百科条目之引文使用准则。

与改述之差别

引文与改述

	引文	改述
定义	与原文一字不差，用引号或版式（如整块缩进）专门标记	忠实与原文，但用维基百科编辑自己的话组织
一字不差吗？	是：一般原样复制，未遭编辑；调整之处（如更正节删）有清晰说明	否：忠实转达原始出处的意思，但换种说法表述
有专门标记吗？	是：用引号或特殊格式清晰标明引文始末	否：不在行文中特别标明

无论引文还是改述，都要引用可靠来源。

引文实例

1. This attitude to art and life can be summarized by Wilde's maxim, "When a truth becomes a fact it loses all its intellectual value."
2. In response to the RICO Act allegations, FooBarCo executive Pat Chung issued a statement that "Our entire legal department reviewed the plan before launch; they were certain then and now that it raises no racketeering red-flags of any kind."
3. A McMaster University research team lead by geneticist Sam D. McNabb, working with embryos from seven different species, published a paper in Nature in 2015, reporting that: "The gene we have isolated is almost certainly responsible for triggering embryonic differentiation of the cells that eventually become the mammalian cochlea." Although awaiting further testing to confirm it beyond the placental mammals used in the research to date, with cochlear experiments on platypus and wallaby scheduled for 2016, the study concluded that "a different gene for this in monotremes or marsupials is highly improbable".

Paraphrasing examples

"Stated", "said", and "wrote" imply a fairly direct paraphrase, of a specific party (how direct may depend on whether the original material is creative or hypothesizing, versus purely factual):

1. This attitude to art and life was expressed by Oscar Wilde, who said that truths lose their intellectual value when they become facts.
2. In response to the RICO Act allegations, executive Pat Chung stated that FooBarCo's legal department had reviewed the plan for any possible violations of the law, and found none.
3. A Canadian research team wrote in a 2015 Nature paper that they have likely isolated the gene that triggers embryonic cochlear cell differentiation, in placental mammals and probably throughout the zoological class.

Other less precise words usually have a less strict interpretation (but see WP:Manual of Style/Words to watch, with regard to "claimed", "alleged", and other often "loaded" terms):

1. This post-modernist attitude to art and life can be expressed in the truth-info-fact maxim, that a widely held but unproven "truth", which may have a rich history of philosophical interpretation, may lose its intellectual value by the time research has reduced it to a mere fact, which may be verified yet excised from its cultural context.
2. In response to the RICO Act allegations, FooBarCo indicated that its legal department had cleared the plan.
3. A Nature paper announced in 2015 the identification of the gene thought to initiate cochlear development.

注意，最后的例子中（可选的）引用位置的重新安排表明该来源是确定的，但措辞是维基百科对其他来源材料的总结和/或整合。这对于任何进行研究的读者来说是一种善意的提示，表明他们可能需要查看原始来源以获得更详细的信息，因为这些信息在原始上下文中可能更具意义。这也是一种善意的方式，帮助其他编辑评估文章以决定他们是否需要检查这种语境化（无论是通过整合、压缩措辞，还是省略细节）是否展现了正确的来源解释，并且没有原创的分析或总结。

通则

更多信息：Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources

引文有助遵守非原创研究方针，但要小心滥用。引文必须由可靠来源支持，出处可供查证。关于引文出处标明的要求，请参见 WP:MOSQUOTE和WP:CITE。出处应该在条目行文中标明，而不是单纯堆到注脚或参考区。读者可不会专程为此翻查注脚。

无来源引文可以即刻移除，但我们更欢迎您认真寻找来源（WP:UNSOURCED和WP:PRESERVE）。如果引文没有争议、不违反WP:BLP，您可以暂且标记“来源请求”。若无人提供引用，您亦寻求无果，删除引文便是。

引文要忠实于原作整体。编辑援引材料时应谨慎，以免断章取义，曲解原作思想意图。

百科全书的语调是中立、冷静的。用修辞语言的印文取代百科语调，可能是暗用非中立的方法处理争议话题。编者要小心谨慎。我们鼓励收纳使用可靠来源，无论其有偏见与否。然而有偏见和特定立场的内容必须有引用可靠来源；此类内容还要引起并明示归属，以免被误解为维基百科的观点。我们“中立的观点”方针已经指出，编者不应删减、省略、中和/淡化、过度强调来源，以免内容与来源出处相左。

自由版权和公有领域材料虽无侵权之虞，但为避免抄袭，编者仍需加入引号并示明原作者。至少，文本必须表明归属，并给出注脚或连结指示原始材料。版权资料的引文长度受“合理使用”规制，具体详见下文；自由版权和公有领域的材料无此限制，引文多可更长。

Formatting

参见：WP:COMMA

Do not put quotations in italics unless the quoted material would otherwise call for italics, such as for emphasis and the use of non-English words (see the Manual of Style). Indicate whether italics were used in the original text or whether they were added later. For example:

Now cracks a noble heart. Good night sweet prince: And flights of angels sing thee to thy rest! [emphasis added]

引文必须清楚地表示。短引言用双引号引起（ “引文”）；长引言使用HTML标签“<blockquote>引用文字</blockquote>”或{{Quote}}等模板。英文维基百科建议的长短分界是40词。后者无需加入引号，因为已经<blockquote>和{{quote}}已经表达引用语义。

如果引文中还有引文，内层引文应使用单引号包围。如：

川岛芳子称，“苏格拉底说过‘如果没有莱特兄弟发明电脑，我们就没有办法享受今天如此智能化的生活’”。

引号的详细要求，特别是引号套嵌的用法，请参见引号格式手册。

Any alterations to quoted material must be clearly marked. Use square brackets [like this] for elided text or for added emphasis. Examples:

• Police officer Dave Generic said, "Never in my life have I ever seen such a scruffy bunch of hoodlums" might be elided thus:
  • Police officer Dave Generic said, "[I've never] seen such a scruffy bunch of hoodlums".

Square brackets are also used to indicate an ellipsis (...) that is not part of the original material; for example:

• Dave Generic's wife Davina said, "Poor Dave's been so busy this week, he's been chasing gangsters from Norwich to Truro and he hasn't had a day off since January. He deserves a pay rise." might be elided to:
  • Dave Generic's wife Davina said, "Poor Dave's been so busy this week [...] he deserves a pay rise". (see WP:ELLIPSIS for details),

Square brackets are also used to identify added emphasis. For example:

• According to Horatio in Shakespeare's Hamlet, "Now cracks a noble heart. Good night sweet prince: And flights of angels sing thee to thy rest!" [emphasis added].

Unexpected errors, imperfections and styles can be marked with "（原文如此）" using the template {{sic}} to identify an error in the original source that has not been introduced by a Wikipedia editor. Trivial spelling or typographical errors that do not affect the intended meaning may be silently corrected. To identify emphasis in the original source, use [emphasis in the original].

Quotations should generally be worked into the article text to avoid interrupting the pace, flow and organization of the article. Longer quotations may need to be set apart using the wikitext template {{Quote}} or the HTML blockquote element. Long quotations may also be hidden in the reference or as a footnote to facilitate verification by other editors without sacrificing readability.

建议用法

引文有时胜过普通文字。例如：

• 涉及争议话题时。依照WP:ATTRIBUTEPOV方针，偏见声明必须由表明归属。引文是表明归属的最直接手段。争议话题相关编者要注意，极富争议观点必须出自实际的语音或书面材料，而不能是“出自维基百科”。
• 作者自创的独特短语或术语。 比如Oscar Wilde的妙语“The unspeakable in pursuit of the uneatable”。

滥用

主页面：Non-free content

引文是维基百科不可或缺的一部分，但编者要小心不要“滥用”。小说新闻中会有轻松、情绪化的语言，这种文风不适合在维基百科中出现，此时编者可用引文体现这一风格。长引文喧宾夺主，挤占条目本身的空间。编者利用上下文，结合适当的描述，可以大幅缩减直接引文。在能做到的情况下，摘要或转述往往胜过直接照搬原文。解释内容和撷取小段文字是缩短引文长度的两大手段。如果没有法律和合理性问题问题，则引文长度不受限制，但引文不应成为条目内容的主心骨。

滥用的表现：

• 引文使用没有相关性，即在条目中出现，但没有任何解释说明；
• 改述能解释要点时却使用引文；
• 引用成为条目或章节的主体。

具体建议

• 大量引文非百科全书文风。
• 引文不应取代直白、简洁的文字。撰写条目时，请将引文和其解说内容穿插结合，不要摘引大量文字却鲜有评注。
• 长引文或可用注脚列出，兼顾可读性与查证性。
• 不要原创研究，加入与主体或说明事项无直接关系的引文。
• 一般不宜使用引用框。这可能吸引读者注意力，让他们产生维基百科钦点某一来源观点的错觉——这有违反中立观点方针之虞。
• 不要单独设立语录章节。我们有维基语录站台；编者可以用{{Wikiquote}}模板提示读者，该站台有相关语录。
• 给引文插入连结要保守。

版权材料与合理使用

必须摘引有版权的文字时，请遵守“抄袭”和“合理使用”指引的要求。禁止过度引用版权文字。

虽然摘引文字属于未经版权持有人授权而复制，但美国法律合理使用规则通常允许引文。然而和合理使用图像一样，合理使用文字也受到规制：

• 复制内容不能占所引用材料的“大量部分”；且传递同样资讯时，能使用短引文就不得使用长引文。是否属于大量要看诸多因素，例如原作品长度、引文之于作品的相关性和重要性。极端案例Harper & Row诉Nation Enterprises中，从500页的书籍中引用400词就被判为侵权。法院的理据是，这400词涉及极富争议的突发新闻，在发售前释出精华内容严重损害全书价值。由此可见，维基百科不应摘引未发售的书籍。简短引用符合方针，过量引用则不然。希望编辑做出正确判断。
• 引用需辅助理解主体，无关引用应当移除。
• 凡引用必须注明出处。

与合理使用图像不同，引文可以在非条目中出现。但上述要求引文必须遵守。

一个特殊的情况是在用户页上纯粹为了兴趣或装饰目的而使用引文。用户页处于兴趣或装饰加入的引文比较特殊。共识同意有限使用引文，特别是在其反应用户态度的情况下。不过这种合理使用理据较弱，使用范围限制更为严格。

公有领域或以CC BY-SA协议释出的文字版权不是问题，引用这些文字不必合理使用。此时引文只需考虑文风问题。

参考中的引文

参见：Template:Citation Style documentation/quote

参考文献如需列出引文，可以填写|quote=参数。编者可考虑在参考资料中直接摘引，避免引文流入条目正文。