印度与大规模杀伤性武器
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| 印度 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
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| 核武研究计划始于 | 1967年 | |||
| 首次核弹试验 | 1974年5月18日 a | |||
| 首次核聚变试验 | 1998年5月11日 b | |||
| 最近一次测试 | 1998年5月13日 | |||
| 测试的最大当量 | 20-60千吨 c | |||
| 核试总数 | 6次 | |||
| 核弹头最高贮量 | 110 - 120件 d | |||
| 核弹头当前贮量 | 110 - 120件 d | |||
| 导弹最远射程 | 5,000-5,800 千米 e （烈火-5洲际弹道导弹） | |||
| NPT签署国 | 否 | |||
印度共和国已开发并拥有大规模杀伤性武器，例如核武器。尽管印度没有就其核武库的规模做出任何官方声明，但最近的估计显示，印度约有110件核武器[3][9]。这印证了关于印度已生产足量可制成核武的钚之估计。[10]据估计1999年印度有800公斤已分离的反应堆级钚，并总共有8300公斤可用作任何用途的钚，足够用来制造1000件核武器。[11][12]
印度参与国际出口管制建制、导弹科技管制建制和瓦圣纳协定，并且是澳洲协定的成员国。它已经签署并批准了《禁止生物武器公约》和《禁止化学武器公约》。印度也是《海牙行为准则》的签署国。印度既没有签署《全面禁止核试验条约》，也没有签署《核武禁扩条约》，认为两者都是有缺陷和歧视性的。
不过[13]印度以前曾拥有化学武器，但在2009年主动销毁了所有库存—使之成为在禁止化学武器组织给予的最后期限之前完成的七个国家之一。[14]另一方面印度对核武器的态度也偏向保守，坚持“不率先使用”的核政策，并正在发展“核三位一体”能力，作为其“最低可信威慑”原则的一部分。[15][16]
参见
[编辑]参考资料
[编辑]- ^ Sachin Parashar, TNN, 28 August 2009, 12.55am IST. Kalam certifies Pokharan II, Santhanam stands his ground – India. The Times of India. 28 August 2009 [31 August 2010]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-05）.
- ^ Carey Sublette. What Are the Real Yields of India's Test?. Carey Sublette. [12 January 2013].
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Federation of American Scientists: Status of World Nuclear Forces. Fas.org. [4 June 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013-01-02）.
- ^ Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance. Arms Control Association. ACA. [1 October 2016]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-02）.
- ^ Global nuclear weapons: downsizing but modernizing. sipri. SIPRI. [1 October 2016]. （原始内容存档于2016-10-07）.
- ^ Saran, Shyam. Is India’s Nuclear Deterrent Credible? (Statement given by Shyam Saran, Chairman of India's National Security Advisory Board). irgamag.com. 25 April 2013. （原始内容存档于2013年7月1日）.
[…] These include a modest arsenal, nuclear-capable aircraft and missiles, both in fixed underground silos as well as […] mounted on mobile rail and road-based platforms. These land-based missiles include both Agni-II (1,500 km) as well as Agni-III (2,500 km) missiles. The range and accuracy of further versions – for example, Agni V (5,000 km), which was tested successfully only recently – will improve with the acquisition of further technological capability and experience
- ^ New chief of India's military research complex reveals brave new mandate. India Today. 4 July 2013 [4 July 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-06）.
- ^ Strategic Forces Command fires AGNI-3 successfully. Business Standard. 23 December 2013 [23 December 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）. (Second operational test firing by the Strategic Forces Command).
- ^ Pakistan has 10 more nuclear weapons than India, finds study. [2018-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2016-10-30）.
- ^ Weapons around the world. physicsworld.com. [31 August 2010]. （原始内容存档于2011-11-23）.
- ^ India's Nuclear Weapons Program. nuclearweaponarchive.org. [26 June 2012].[失效链接]
- ^ India's and Pakistan's Fissile Material and Nuclear Weapons Inventories, end of 1999. Institute for Science and International Security. [26 June 2012]. （原始内容存档于2012-04-02）.
- ^ Kumar 2010.
- ^ Zee News - India destroys its chemical weapons stockpile. Zeenews.india.com. [2013-08-27]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-17）.
- ^ Nair 2007.
- ^ Pandit 2009.
延伸阅读
[编辑]- Abraham, Itty (1998). The Making of the Indian Atomic Bomb. Science, Secrecy, and the Postcolonial State. London and New York: Zed Books. ISBN 9788125016151.
- Pahuja, Om Parkash (2001). India: A Nuclear Weapon State. New Delhi: Ocean Books. ISBN 978-81-87100-69-0.
- Perkovich, George (1999). India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23210-5.
- Szalontai, Balázs (2011). The Elephant in the Room: The Soviet Union and India’s Nuclear Program, 1967-1989 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Nuclear Proliferation International History Project Working Paper #1. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
外部链接
[编辑]- Indian nuclear weapons program at The Nuclear Weapon Archive
- At 核文件：
- CIA on India's nuclear program （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- India's missile testing ranges
- Video interviews taken at the 2008 NPT PrepCom on the United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act
- Annotated bibliography for India's nuclear weapons program at the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues.
- Woodrow Wilson Center's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, including a collection of primary-source documents on Indian nuclear development.
- The National Security Archive's "Nuclear Vault" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） features a number of compilations of declassified US government documents related to India's nuclear program.
