语言人类学
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语言人类学（Linguistic Anthropology）是人类学的分支，将语言学研究方法运用于人类学问题上，将符号或特殊语言形式与过程联结到社会文化过程的诠释。
历史发展
[编辑]人类学式的语言学
[编辑]最早的理论典范原本被称为语言学（linguistics），虽然当这门学科及相关的研究领域发展成熟之后，称为 “人类学式的语言学”（anthropological linguistics）。这个领域专门研究这个次学科所独有的一些主题：对于被视为注定要灭绝的语言所做的语言学记录（有一些北美原住民语言成为这个次学科学者所关注的焦点），例如：
- 语法描述，
- 类型学分类 ，以及
- 关于语言相对论的未决议题（关连到爱德华·萨丕尔与本杰明·李·沃夫，但实际上由法兰兹·鲍亚士所发展，在他之前，有一长串欧洲思想家，从詹巴蒂斯塔·维柯到约翰·戈特弗里德·赫尔德到威廉·冯·洪堡）。所谓的萨丕尔-沃夫假说可能是个不当的用词，这是就这个两位学者的科学取向，有别于科学上的实证论、以假说为取向的模型。无论如何，这个名词是Harry Hoijer（萨丕尔的学生）所创（Hoijer 1954; see also HIll and Mannheim 1992）。
语言人类学
[编辑]在1960年代，戴尔·海姆斯主要负责发起第二种理论典范，将“语言人类学”（linguistic anthropology）这个名称固定下来，虽然他也创造了“言谈民族志”（ethnography of speaking，或“沟通民族志” ethnography of communication）这个术语，来描述他为这个学术领域所设想的架构。这包含了运用录音设备等新的科技发展。
海姆斯也引介了一种新的分析单位。有鉴于在第一种理论典范聚焦于表面上独特的“语言”（引号表示当代的语言人类学家将“一个语言”的概念视为一种理想建构，从而掩盖了这个语言内部的复杂性，以及“跨越”所谓的语言界线的复杂性）；第二种理论典范的分析单位是“言谈事件”（speech event）。（言谈事件是一个事件，由发生在这个事件之中的言谈所界定的，例如，一场晚宴并不是一个言谈事件，而是一个言谈情境，在这种情境下，言谈可能会发生，也可能不会发生。）有许多学者专注于在这些言谈事件中，参与者对他们的语言表现型态所提出的解释。 [1][2]
海姆斯也开创了语言人类学的一种研究方法，民族诗学。
海姆斯希望将语言人类学更密切联结到人类学这个母学科。语言人类学这个名称强调它的首要身份是人类学，并且是“人类学式的语言学”。如今这在大多数的大学是一门独立学科（而不是在法兰兹·鲍亚士和萨丕尔的时代）。然而，语言人类学这个理论典范，标志着它跟人类学的其他分支学科进一步的疏远。
透过语言学方法与资料所从事的人类学议题研究
[编辑]在1980年代后期兴起的第三种理论典范，并不是继续追求来自一个让人类学感到陌生的学科（语言学）的各项议题，语言人类学家有系统地专注于自己母学科人类学所提出的各项议题，但运用了语言学的资料和方法。在这第三种理论典范的热门研究议题，包括社会身份认同的调查研究、普遍共同具有的意识形态，以及在个人和团体之间的互动中，论述的建构与运用方式。
研究兴趣领域
[编辑]当代语言人类学研究延续了上述的三个理论典范。有几个领域关连到第三种典范，也就是对于人类学议题的研究，这是当代语言人类学家特别专注的领域。
身份认同
[编辑]语言人类学的作品有许多从语言学角度探讨社会文化认同的议题。语言人类学家库利克（Don Kulick）在巴布亚新几内亚一个名为迦普恩（Gapun）的村落，依据对许多场景的分析，研究语言与认同的关系。[3]库利克探讨了迦普恩的儿童如何使用两种语言──传统语言“塔伊阿普”（Taiap）只在自己村落使用，从而标示了一种根本赋予的（primordially）迦普恩人身份认同。另一种语言则是巴布亚皮钦语（在新几内亚盛行的官方语言）。 （语言人类学家使用“标示”（indexical）这个字的意思是指标性。[4]）
参阅
[编辑]
注释
[编辑]- ^ Bauman, Richard. 1977. Verbal Art as Performance. American Anthropologist 77:290-311.
- ^ Hymes, Dell. 1981 [1975] Breakthrough into Performance. In In Vain I Tried to Tell You: Essays in Native American Ethnopoetics. D. Hymes, ed. Pp. 79-141. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- ^ Kulick, Don. 1992. Language Shift and Cultural Reproduction: Socialization, Self and Syncretism in a Papua New Guinea Village. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Silverstein, Michael. 1976. Shifters, Linguistic Categories, and Cultural Description. In Meaning in Anthropology. K. Basso and H.A. Selby, eds. Pp. pp. 11-56. Albuquerque: School of American Research, University of New Mexico Press.
引用文献
[编辑]- Bauman, Richard. 1977. Verbal Art as Performance. American Anthropologist 77:290-311.
- Duranti, Alessandro. 1992. Language and Bodies in Social Space: Samoan Greetings. American Anthropologist 94:657-691.
- Duranti, Alessandro. 2003. Language as Culture in U.S. Anthropology: Three Paradigms. Current Anthropology 44(3):323-348.
- Errington, J. Joseph. 1988. Structure and Style in Javanese: A Semiotic View of Linguistic Etiquette. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
- Hill, Jane, and Bruce Mannheim. 1992. "Language and Worldview." Annual Reviews in Anthropology 21:381-406.
- Hoijer, Harry. 1954. "The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis," in Language in culture: Conference on the interrelations of language and other aspects of culture. Edited by H. Hoijer, pp. 92–105. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Horwitz, Tony. 2006. Immigration—and the Curse of the Black Legend (Op-Ed). New York Times. Week in Review, July 9, 2006, p. 13.
- Hymes, Dell. 1981 [1975] Breakthrough into Performance. In In Vain I Tried to Tell You: Essays in Native American Ethnopoetics. D. Hymes, ed. Pp. 79-141. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Kroskrity, Paul V. 1998. Arizona Tewa Kiva Speech as a Manifestation of Linguistic Ideology. In Language ideologies: Practice and theory. B.B. Schieffelin, K.A. Woolard, and P. Kroskrity, eds. Pp. 103-122. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Kulick, Don. 1992. Language Shift and Cultural Reproduction: Socialization, Self and Syncretism in a Papua New Guinea Village. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Kulick, Don, and Charles H. Klein. 2003. Scandalous Acts: The Politics of Shame among Brazilian Travesti Prostitutes. In Recognition Struggles and Social Movements: Contested Identities, Agency and Power. B. Hobson, ed. Pp. 215-238. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Ochs, Elinor. 1988. Culture and language development: Language acquisition and language socialization in a Samoan village. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Ochs, Elinor, and Bambi Schieffelin. 1984. Language Acquisition and Socialization: Three Developmental Stories and Their Implications. In Culture Theory: Essays on Mind, Self, and Emotion. R. Shweder and R.A. LeVine, eds. Pp. 276-320. New York: Cambridge University.
- Ochs, Elinor, and Carolyn Taylor. 2001. The “Father Knows Best” Dynamic in Dinnertime Narratives. In Linguistic Anthropology: A Reader. A. Duranti, ed. Pp. 431-449. Oxford. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
- Rumsey, Alan. 1990. Word, meaning, and linguistic ideology. American Anthropologist 92(2):346-361.
- Schieffelin, Bambi B. 1990. The Give and Take of Everyday Life: Language Socialization of Kaluli Children. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Schieffelin, Bambi B. 1995. Creating evidence: Making sense of written words in Bosavi. Pragmatics 5(2):225-244.
- Schieffelin, Bambi B. 2000. Introducing Kaluli Literacy: A Chronology of Influences. In Regimes of Language. P. Kroskrity, ed. Pp. 293-327. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.
- Schieffelin, Bambi B. 2002. Marking time: The dichotomizing discourse of multiple temporalities. Current Anthropology 43(Supplement):S5-17.
- Schieffelin, Bambi B. 2006. PLENARY ADDRESS: Found in translating: Reflexive language across time and texts in Bosavi, PNG. Twelve Annual Conference on Language, Interaction, and Culture, University of California, Los Angeles, 2006.
- Silverstein, Michael. 1976. Shifters, Linguistic Categories, and Cultural Description. In Meaning in Anthropology. K. Basso and H.A. Selby, eds. Pp. pp. 11-56. Albuquerque: School of American Research, University of New Mexico Press.
- Silverstein, Michael. 1979. Language Structure and Linguistic Ideology. In The Elements: A Parasession on Linguistic Units and Levels. R. Cline, W. Hanks, and C. Hofbauer, eds. Pp. pp. 193-247. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
- Silverstein, Michael. 1985. Language and the Culture of Gender: At the Intersection of Structure, Usage, and Ideology. In Semiotic Mediation: Sociocultural and Psychological Perspectives. E. Mertz and R. Parmentier, eds. Pp. 219-259. Orlando: Academic Press.
- Silverstein, Michael. 2004. "Cultural" Concepts and the Language-Culture Nexus. Current Anthropology 45(5):621-652.
- Wilce, James M. 2006. Magical Laments and Anthropological Reflections: The Production and Circulation of Anthropological Text as Ritual Activity. Current Anthropology. 47(6):891-914.
- Woolard, Kathryn A. 2004. Codeswitching. In Companion to Linguistic Anthropology. A. Duranti, ed. Pp. 73-94. Malden: Blackwell.
进阶阅读
[编辑]- Ahearn, Laura M. 2011. Living Language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Baugh, J. & J. Sherzer. eds. 1984. Language in use. Prentice Hall.
- Blount, Ben G. ed. 1995. Language, Culture, and Society: A Book of Readings. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.
- Bonvillain, Nancy. 1993. Language, culture, and communication: The meaning of messages. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Brenneis, Donald; and Ronald K. S. Macaulay. 1996. The matrix of language: Contemporary linguistic anthropology. Boulder: Westview.
- Duranti, Alessandro. 1997. Linguistic Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Duranti, Alessandro. ed. 2001. Key terms in language and culture. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
- Duranti, Alessandro. ed. 2001. Linguistic Anthropology: A Reader. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
- Duranti, Alessandro. ed. 2004. Companion to Linguistic Anthropology. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
- Duranti, Alessandro and Charles Goodwin. eds. 1992. Rethinking context: Language as an interactive phenomenon. Studies in the social and cultural foundations of language (No. 11). Cambridge: Cambridge University.
- Fitch, K. and G. Philipsen. 1995. Ethnography of speaking. In Handbook of pragmatics. J. Verschueren, J.-O. Östman, J. Blommaert, eds. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.
- Foley, W. A. 1997. Anthropological linguistics: an introduction. Blackwell.
- Frank, Francine and Frank Anshen. 1984. Language and the sexes. Albany: State U of NY Press.
- Giglioli, Pier Paolo. 1972. Language and social context: Selected readings. Middlesex: Penguin Books.
- Goffman, Erving 1981. Forms of talk. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Gumperz, John and Dell Hymes. eds. 1964. The ethnography of communication. American Anthropologist, 66 (6, Part 2), 1-186.
- Gumperz, John J. ed. 1982. Language and social identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Gumperz, John J. and Dell Hymes. eds. 1972. Directions in sociolinguistics: The ethnography of communication. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
- Hanks, William F. 1996. Language and communicative practices. Critical essays in anthropology(No. 1). Boulder, CO: Westview.
- Harrison, K. David. 2007. When Languages Die: The Extinction of the World's Languages and the Erosion of Human Knowledge. New York and London: Oxford University Press.
- Hill, Jane H. 2001. Language, Race, and White Public Space. In Linguistic Anthropology: A Reader. A. Duranti, ed. Pp. 450-464. Malden: Blackwell.
- Morgan, M. ed. 1994. Language and the social construction of identity. Los Angeles: Center for Afro-American Studies, UCLA.
- Newmeyer, F. J. ed. 1989. Language: The socio-cultural context. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Philipsen, G. 1992. Speaking culturally. Albany: State University of New York Press.
- Salzmann, Zdenek. 1998. Language, culture, & society (2nd ed.). Westview Press.
- Sanches, M. and B. G. Blount. eds. 1975. Sociocultural dimensions of language use. New York: Academic Press.
- Schiffman, H. 1996. Linguistic culture and language policy. Routledge.
- Silverstein, Michael. 1994. Shifters, Linguistic Categories, and Cultural Description. In Language, Culture, and Society: A Book of Readings. B.G. Blount, ed. Pp. 187-221. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.
- Tedlock, Dennis and Bruce Mannheim. 1995. The dialogic emergence of culture. Champaign: University of Illinois.
- Whorf, Benjamin Lee. 1956. Language, thought, and reality: Selected writings. J. B. Carroll, ed. Cambridge: Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
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