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淡紫拟青霉菌

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淡紫拟青霉菌
淡紫拟青霉菌的分生孢子
科学分类 编辑
界： 真菌界 Fungi
门： 子囊菌门 Ascomycota
纲： 粪壳菌纲 Sordariomycetes
目： 肉座菌目 Hypocreales
科： 线虫草科 Ophiocordycipitaceae
属： 紫孢霉属 Purpureocillium
种：
淡紫拟青霉菌 P. lilacinum
二名法
Purpureocillium lilacinum
(Thom) Luangsa-ard, Hou- braken, Hywel-Jones & Samson (2011)
异名[2]

Paecillium Luangsa-ard, Hywel-Jones & Samson nom. prov. (2007)[1]
Penicillium lilacinum Thom (1910)
Penicillium amethystinum Wehmer (1923)
Spicaria rubidopurpurea Aoki (1941) Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom（英语：Charles Thom）) Samson (1974)

淡紫拟青霉菌（学名：Purpureocillium lilacinum）又称淡紫紫孢菌[3]，是线虫草科紫孢霉属的一种真菌[4]，已自土壤、沉积物、污泥、昆虫与线虫样本中采得，在摄氏8－38度的温度下皆可生长，其中以26－30度较佳，且对pH值与生长基质的耐受范围也相当广[5][6]。本种因可感染线虫而被用于对抗线虫虫害的生物防治剂。

分类

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淡紫拟青霉菌于1910年由美国真菌学家查尔斯·索姆（英语：Charles Thom）发表描述，当时被归入青霉属中，学名为Penicillium lilacinum[7]。1974年Robert A. Samson将其改归入拟青霉属（Paecilomyces）[5]。2000年代的研究发现拟青霉属非单系群[8][9]，后有学者发表新属紫孢霉属（Purpureocillium）并将本种分入其中，属名意指“紫色的孢子”，得名自该属真菌紫色的分生孢子[10]，本种的分生孢子呈椭圆形至梭形，由菌丝末端的特化结构瓶梗产生，分散排列成链状结构，表面光滑至稍微粗糙，尚未观察到厚垣孢子；菌丝为透明，宽2.5－4微米[5]。

感染线虫

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淡紫拟青霉菌可感染多种线虫，图为根结线虫

1966年即有研究发现淡紫拟青霉菌可感染线虫的卵[11]，其菌丝在线虫卵的表面上生长后可形成附着器（菌丝尖端的膨大特化结构），进而穿透卵壳、杀死线虫、并产生更多的分生孢子以继续感染周围的卵。目前淡紫拟青霉菌已自多种线虫与多个地区的土壤样本中被发现[12][13]。本种可用于生物防治以对抗线虫的虫害，秘鲁已有数个野外试验成功使用本种抑制线虫虫害[14]，当地的品系进而被送至世界各地不同气候、作物的环境下进行测试[15]，各品系感染线虫的毒力不同，有些品系在虽实验室测试中取得成功，但实际应用上效果不彰[16]。

致病

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淡紫拟青霉菌在少数情况下可感染人类致病[17][18]，大多数患者为免疫缺乏者或体内留置医疗器具（如人工晶状体）者[19][20]，有研究显示本种可能为感染免疫缺乏与免疫正常者的新兴病原[21][22]。

参考文献

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  1. ^ Domsch KH, Gams W, Anderson TH (编). Compendium of Soil Fungi 2nd. Lubrecht & Cramer Ltd. 2007: 322. ISBN 978-3-9803083-8-0. 
  2. ^ Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson 1974. MycoBank. International Mycological Association. [2011-07-17]. 
  3. ^ 王毅、王娟、王四海、李云琴、原晓龙、陈中华. 蒜头果的内生真菌多样性分析. 基因组学与应用生物学. 2018, 9 [2022-07-17]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-17）. 
  4. ^ Spatafora; et al. New 1F1N Species Combinations in Ophiocordycipitaceae (Hypocreales). IMA Fungus. 2015, 6 (2): 357–362. PMC 4681259 可免费查阅. PMID 26734546. doi:10.5598/imafungus.2015.06.02.07. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Samson RA. Paecilomyces and some allied hyphomycetes. Studies in Mycology. 1974, 6: 58. 
  6. ^ Anderson TH, Domsch KH, Gams W. Compendium of Soil Fungi. Lubrecht & Cramer Ltd. 1995. ISBN 978-3-9803083-8-0. 
  7. ^ Thom C. Cultural studies of species of penicillium. Bulletin of the Bureau of Animal Industry US Department of Agriculture. 1910, 118: 73. 
  8. ^ Inglis PW, Tigano MS. Identification and taxonomy of some entomopathogenic Paecilomyces spp. (Ascomycota) isolates using rDNA-ITS Sequences (PDF). Genetics and Molecular Biology. 2006, 29 (1): 132–6 [2022-07-17]. doi:10.1590/s1415-47572006000100025 可免费查阅. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-09-24）. 
  9. ^ Sung GH, Hywel-Jones NL, Sung JM, Luangsa-ard JJ, Shrestha B, Spatafora JW. Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi. Studies in Mycology. 2007, 57 (1): 5–59. PMC 2104736 可免费查阅. PMID 18490993. doi:10.3114/sim.2007.57.01. 
  10. ^ Luangsa-Ard J, Houbraken J, van Doorn T, Hong SB, Borman AM, Hywel-Jones NL, Samson RA. Purpureocillium, a new genus for the medically important Paecilomyces lilacinus. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 2011, 321 (2): 141–9. PMID 21631575. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02322.x 可免费查阅. 
  11. ^ Lysek H. Study of biology of geohelminths. II. The importance of some soil microorganisms for the viability of geohelminth eggs in the soil. Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis. 1996, 40: 83–90. 
  12. ^ Stirling, GR. Biological Control of Plant Parasitic Nematodes. UK: CABI Publishing. 1991: 282. 
  13. ^ Stirling GR, West LM. Fungal parasites of root-knot nematode eggs from tropical and sub-tropical regions of Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology. 1991, 20 (4): 149–54. S2CID 34778287. doi:10.1071/APP9910149. 
  14. ^ Jatala P, Kaltenbach R, Bocangel M. Biological control of Meloidogyne incognita acrita and Globodera pallida on potatoes. Journal of Nematology. 1979, 11: 303. 
  15. ^ Jatala P. Biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 1986, 24: 453–89. doi:10.1146/annurev.py.24.090186.002321. 
  16. ^ Gomes Carniero RMD, Cayrol J. Relationship between inoculum density of the nematophagous fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus and control of Meloidogyne arenaria on tomato. Revue de Nématologie. 1991, 14 (4): 629–34. 
  17. ^ Saberhagen C, Klotz SA, Bartholomew W, Drews D, Dixon A. Infection due to Paecilomyces lilacinus: a challenging clinical identification. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1997, 25 (6): 1411–3. PMID 9431388. doi:10.1086/516136. 
  18. ^ Westenfeld F, Alston WK, Winn WC. Complicated soft tissue infection with prepatellar bursitis caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus in an immunocompetent host: case report and review. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1996, 34 (6): 1559–62. PMC 229063 可免费查阅. PMID 8735119. doi:10.1128/JCM.34.6.1559-1562.1996. 
  19. ^ O'Day DM. Fungal endophthalmitis caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus after intraocular lens implantation. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1977, 83 (1): 130–1. PMID 299984. doi:10.1016/0002-9394(77)90206-9. 
  20. ^ Pettit TH, Olson RJ, Foos RY, Martin WJ. Fungal endophthalmitis following intraocular lens implantation. A surgical epidemic. Archives of Ophthalmology. 1980, 98 (6): 1025–39. PMID 7190003. doi:10.1001/archopht.1980.01020031015002. 
  21. ^ Safdar A. Progressive cutaneous hyalohyphomycosis due to Paecilomyces lilacinus: rapid response to treatment with caspofungin and itraconazole. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2002, 34 (10): 1415–7. PMID 11981740. doi:10.1086/340260 可免费查阅. 
  22. ^ Carey J, D’Amico R, Sutton DA, Rinaldi MG. Paecilomyces lilacinus vaginitis in an immunocompetent patient.. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 [2022-07-17]. （原始内容存档于2009-11-05）. 
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