土耳其犹太人历史

土耳其犹太人历史（土耳其语：Türk Yahudileri ，希伯来语：יהודים טורקים‎，罗马化：Yehudim Turkim ）是指生活在土耳其的犹太人历史。

至少从公元一世纪开始，就有犹太人在安纳托利亚定居（罗马尼奥犹太人）。奥斯曼帝国时代之前的安纳托利亚的犹太人主要由讲希腊语的罗马尼奥犹太人组成，此外还有少数犹太教卡拉派信徒。十五世纪末和十六世纪初，许多生活在西班牙、葡萄牙和意大利南部居住的塞法迪犹太人因为阿罕布拉法令而被驱逐，其中有很多人来到奥斯曼帝国各地定居。

截至16世纪末，奥斯曼帝国境内的的犹太人数量达15万，是当时犹太人人口最多的国家。 ^[1]^[2]

犹太人是现今土耳其官方承认的四个少数民族之一。 ^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]如今，许多历史上曾在土耳其定居的犹太人都已移民至以色列。不过土耳其境内仍然有少量犹太人口，其中绝大多数居住在伊斯坦布尔，还有一些居住在伊兹密尔。

参考文献

^ Shaw, Stanford J. The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic. Springer Publishing. 27 July 2016: 40 [2024-01-17]. ISBN 9781349122356. （原始内容存档于2023-11-25）.
^ Levy, Avigdor. The Sephardim in the Ottoman Empire. Darwin Press. 1992: 12–13 [2024-01-17]. ISBN 9780878500888. （原始内容存档于2023-11-25）.
^ Kaya, Nurcan. Teaching in and Studying Minority Languages in Turkey: A Brief Overview of Current Issues and Minority Schools. European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online. 2015-11-24, 12 (1): 315–338 [2024-01-17]. ISSN 2211-6117. doi:10.1163/9789004306134_013. （原始内容存档于2022-11-25）（英语）. Turkey is a nation–state built on remnants of the Ottoman Empire where non-Muslim minorities were guaranteed the right to set up educational institutions; however, since its establishment, it has officially recognised only Armenians, Greeks and Jews as minorities and guaranteed them the right to manage educational institutions as enshrined in the Treaty of Lausanne. [...] Private language teaching courses teach ‘traditionally used languages’, elective language courses have been introduced in public schools and universities are allowed to teach minority languages.
^ Toktas, Sule. EU enlargement conditions and minority protection : a reflection on Turkey's non-Muslim minorities. East European quarterly. 2006b, 40: 489–519 [2024-01-17]. ISSN 0012-8449. （原始内容存档于2023-10-11）（英语）. Turkey signed the Covenant on 15 August 2000 and ratified it on 23 September 2003. However, Turkey put a reservation on Article 27 of the Covenant which limited the scope of the right of ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practice their own religion or to use their own language. This reservation provides that this right will be implemented and applied in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Turkish Constitution and the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. This implies that Turkey grants educational right in minority languages only to the recognized minorities covered by the Lausanne who are the Armenians, Greeks and the Jews.
^ Phillips, Thomas James. The (In-)Validity of Turkey’s Reservation to Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights. 2020-12-16, 27 (1): 66–93 [2024-01-17]. ISSN 1385-4879. doi:10.1163/15718115-02701001. （原始内容存档于2023-10-11）. The fact that Turkish constitutional law takes an even more restrictive approach to minority rights than required under the Treaty of Lausanne was recognised by the UN Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) in its concluding observations on the combined fourth to sixth periodic reports of Turkey. The CERD noted that “the treaty of Lausanne does not explicitly prohibit the recognition of other groups as minorities” and that Turkey should consider recognising the minority status of other groups, such as Kurds. 50 In practice, this means that Turkey grants minority rights to “Greek, Armenian and Jewish minority communities while denying their possible impact for unrecognized minority groups (e.g. Kurds, Alevis, Arabs, Syriacs, Protestants, Roma etc.)”.
^ Bayır, Derya. Minorities and nationalism in Turkish law. Cultural Diversity and Law. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. 2013: 88–89, 203–204 [2024-01-17]. ISBN 978-1-4094-7254-4. （原始内容存档于2023-01-22）.
^ Toktas, Sule; Aras, Bulent. The EU and Minority Rights in Turkey. Political Science Quarterly. 2009, 124 (4): 697–720 [2024-01-17]. ISSN 0032-3195. （原始内容存档于2023-04-08）.
^ Köksal, Yonca. Minority Policies in Bulgaria and Turkey: The Struggle to Define a Nation. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. 2006, 6 (4): 501–521 [2024-01-17]. ISSN 1468-3857. doi:10.1080/14683850601016390. （原始内容存档于2023-10-12）（英语）.

[1] Shaw, Stanford J. The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic. Springer Publishing. 27 July 2016: 40 [2024-01-17]. ISBN 9781349122356. （原始内容存档于2023-11-25）.

[2] Levy, Avigdor. The Sephardim in the Ottoman Empire. Darwin Press. 1992: 12–13 [2024-01-17]. ISBN 9780878500888. （原始内容存档于2023-11-25）.

[Kaya2015-3] Kaya, Nurcan. Teaching in and Studying Minority Languages in Turkey: A Brief Overview of Current Issues and Minority Schools. European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online. 2015-11-24, 12 (1): 315–338 [2024-01-17]. ISSN 2211-6117. doi:10.1163/9789004306134_013. （原始内容存档于2022-11-25）（英语）. Turkey is a nation–state built on remnants of the Ottoman Empire where non-Muslim minorities were guaranteed the right to set up educational institutions; however, since its establishment, it has officially recognised only Armenians, Greeks and Jews as minorities and guaranteed them the right to manage educational institutions as enshrined in the Treaty of Lausanne. [...] Private language teaching courses teach ‘traditionally used languages’, elective language courses have been introduced in public schools and universities are allowed to teach minority languages.

[Toktas2006-4] Toktas, Sule. EU enlargement conditions and minority protection : a reflection on Turkey's non-Muslim minorities. East European quarterly. 2006b, 40: 489–519 [2024-01-17]. ISSN 0012-8449. （原始内容存档于2023-10-11）（英语）. Turkey signed the Covenant on 15 August 2000 and ratified it on 23 September 2003. However, Turkey put a reservation on Article 27 of the Covenant which limited the scope of the right of ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practice their own religion or to use their own language. This reservation provides that this right will be implemented and applied in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Turkish Constitution and the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. This implies that Turkey grants educational right in minority languages only to the recognized minorities covered by the Lausanne who are the Armenians, Greeks and the Jews.

[Phillips2020-5] Phillips, Thomas James. The (In-)Validity of Turkey’s Reservation to Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights. 2020-12-16, 27 (1): 66–93 [2024-01-17]. ISSN 1385-4879. doi:10.1163/15718115-02701001. （原始内容存档于2023-10-11）. The fact that Turkish constitutional law takes an even more restrictive approach to minority rights than required under the Treaty of Lausanne was recognised by the UN Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) in its concluding observations on the combined fourth to sixth periodic reports of Turkey. The CERD noted that “the treaty of Lausanne does not explicitly prohibit the recognition of other groups as minorities” and that Turkey should consider recognising the minority status of other groups, such as Kurds. 50 In practice, this means that Turkey grants minority rights to “Greek, Armenian and Jewish minority communities while denying their possible impact for unrecognized minority groups (e.g. Kurds, Alevis, Arabs, Syriacs, Protestants, Roma etc.)”.

[Bayır2013-6] Bayır, Derya. Minorities and nationalism in Turkish law. Cultural Diversity and Law. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. 2013: 88–89, 203–204 [2024-01-17]. ISBN 978-1-4094-7254-4. （原始内容存档于2023-01-22）.

[7] Toktas, Sule; Aras, Bulent. The EU and Minority Rights in Turkey. Political Science Quarterly. 2009, 124 (4): 697–720 [2024-01-17]. ISSN 0032-3195. （原始内容存档于2023-04-08）.

[8] Köksal, Yonca. Minority Policies in Bulgaria and Turkey: The Struggle to Define a Nation. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. 2006, 6 (4): 501–521 [2024-01-17]. ISSN 1468-3857. doi:10.1080/14683850601016390. （原始内容存档于2023-10-12）（英语）.

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