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二體問題 (職業)

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二體問題[1]two-body problem)是學術伉儷(配偶或其他任何形式的伴侶)面臨的困境,即雙方很難在同一所學術機構或通勤距離合理的大學就職。[2]

一方無法適應另一方,就會產生這種困境,造成一種雙輸的局面。如果夫妻希望繼續在一起,其中一方可能被迫放棄學術生涯,或者如果雙方都希望從事學術事業,由於夫妻雙方經常分居,這種關係可能會破裂。[3]自1990年代中期以來,「二體問題」一詞一直用於指代在職夫妻。[4]

美國超過70%的學術教師處於雙方都在工作的關係中,超過三分之一的教師的伴侶也在學術界工作。[5]

傳統上,解決這個問題的方法是妻子打斷自己的事業,支持丈夫的事業,通常還會存在一種積極歧視女性(尤其是已婚女性)的學術晉升制度。[6]過去一些明顯的性別歧視已經得到改善,許多大學已經設立了配偶聘用(spousal hiring)計劃或其他創造性的方法來解決這個問題。[7]儘管如此,性別妥協的壓力仍然存在[8],並導致大量女性離開學術界。[9]

引用

[編輯]
  1. ^ ROGGE; REGIER; 姜天海. 科研“夫妻档”. 科學新聞. 2018, (2): 92–93. CNKI KXXE201802033
  2. ^ Bunker, B. B., Zubek, J. M., Vanderslice, V. J., & Rice, R. W. (1992). Quality of life in dual-career families: Commuting versus single-residence couples. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 399-407.
  3. ^ Benton, Thomas H. (pen name of William Pannapacker) (2009). "Just Don't Go, Part 2". The Chronicle of Higher Education, 13 March 2009, accessed 21 June 2012.
  4. ^ McNeil, Laurie. REPORT ON THE DUAL-CAREER-COUPLE SURVEY. 
  5. ^ Londa Schiebinger; Andrea Davies Henderson; Shannon K. Gilmartin. Dual-Career Academic Couples: What Universities Need to Know. The Clayman Institute for Gender Research. [19 March 2012]. 
  6. ^ Shover, Michele. Married Academic Women: "Go to the End of the Line". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. Spring 1978, 3 (1): 56–61. JSTOR 3345994. doi:10.2307/3345994. 
  7. ^ Landau, Susan. Universities and the two-body problem (PDF). Case, Bettye Anne; Leggett, Anne M. (編). Complexities: Women in Mathematics. Princeton University Press. 2005: 253–255. ISBN 0-691-11462-5. 
  8. ^ Wong, Jaclyn. Competing Desires: How Young Adult Couples Negotiate Moving for Career Opportunities. Gender & Society. 16 March 2017, 31 (2): 171–196. S2CID 152139751. doi:10.1177/0891243217695520. 
  9. ^ Larson, Samantha June; Miller, Annie; Drury, Ida. Reflections on tenure, the two-body problem, and retention in the 21st century academy. Journal of Public Affairs Education. May 2020, 26 (4): 506–530. S2CID 219415508. doi:10.1080/15236803.2020.1759346.