在三稜鏡 中,材料色散效應(折射率 與波長 有關的現象)使不同顏色的光以不同角度折射 ,將白光分成光譜 。
透過阿米西稜鏡 觀察省电灯泡 的色散。
在光學 中,色散 ( ㄙㄢˋ ) [ 1] (英語:Dispersion )是光波 的相速度 隨着頻率而改變的現象。[ 2] 我們將擁有這種特性的介質稱為色散 ( ㄙㄢˋ ) 介質 (英語:dispersive medium )。
儘管色散這一術語在光學領域用於描述光波 和其他[電磁輻射|電磁波]],但相同意義上的「散失」適用於任何類型的波,例如可產生頻散 的聲波和地震波,以及海浪中的重力波 。光學中的散失還可以描述輸電線 信號(如同軸電纜 中的微波 )或光纖 中脈衝的特性;而物理能量上的散失是指動能被吸收的現象。
在光學中,色散的主要現象是不同顏色的光在透過三稜鏡 或有色差 的透鏡時因折射角 不同,而產生光譜。[ 3] 複合消色差透鏡 的設計在極大消除了色差,並通過阿貝數
V
{\displaystyle V}
量化玻璃的色散程度,低阿貝數即對應較大的可見光譜 色散。在電信應用中,波包 或「脈衝」的傳輸往往比波的絕對相位更重要,此時就需要考慮並計算波包的群速度色散 ,即頻率與波包群速度的關係。
所有常見的傳輸介質 的衰減 (歸一化為傳輸長度)也隨頻率而變化,從而導致衰減失真 ;這不是色散,儘管有時在緊密間隔的阻抗邊界 (例如電纜中的壓接段)處的反射會產生信號失真,並進一步加劇在信號帶寬上觀察到的不一致的傳輸時間。
彩虹 可能是最常見的色散現象。色散導致太陽光 在空間上分離成不同波長 (不同顏色 )的部分。然而,色散在許多其他情況下也會產生影響:例如,群速度色散 導致脈衝 在光纖 中擴散,使長距離的信號衰減;此外,群速度色散和非線性 效應之間的抵消會導致孤波 產生。
大部分情況下,色散研究的是散装材料的色散。然而,在波導管 中也存在着波導色散 (英語:waveguide dispersion ),在這種情況下,波在結構中的相速度 取決於其頻率,這僅僅是由於結構的幾何形狀。更廣泛地說,波導色散可以發生在通過任何不均勻結構(如光子晶體 )傳播的波中,無論這些波是否被限制在某些區域。[可疑 ] 在波導管中,兩種 類型的色散通常都會存在,儘管它們不是嚴格意義上的相加。[來源請求] 在光纖中,材料和波導色散可以有效地相互抵消以產生零色散波長 ,這有助於光纖通信 速度的提高。
不同玻璃,真空折射率與波長的關係。可見光範圍以灰色區域表示。
在光學上,材料色散有優點也有缺點。透過三棱鏡,光的色散為製作光譜儀 以及分光輻射計 的基礎。有時候也會透過全像 光柵,來達成更顯著的分光效果。然而,在透鏡中的色散效應造成影像品質低落,在顯微鏡、望遠鏡及其他成像技術上可見一斑。
在均勻介質中,波傳遞的相速度 為
v
=
c
n
{\displaystyle v={\frac {c}{n}}}
。
其中,c 為真空中的光速,而 n 為介質的折射率。
對於不同波長 的光,介質 的折射率 n (λ ) 也不同。這個關係式通常由阿貝數 可以計算出,或是由柯西等式 或Sellmeier等式 的係數求得。
由克拉莫-克若尼關係式 ,波長與實部折射率的關係與材料的吸收率有關,此吸收率由折射率的虛部(或稱消光係數 )。在非磁性物質中,克拉莫-克若尼關係式的χ 為電極化率χ e = n 2 − 1.
對於可見光 ,一般的透明材料:
如果
λ
r
>
λ
y
>
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{\displaystyle \lambda _{\rm {r}}>\lambda _{\rm {y}}>\lambda _{\rm {b}}}
,
那麼
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<
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<
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{\displaystyle 1<n(\lambda _{\rm {r}})<n(\lambda _{\rm {y}})<n(\lambda _{\rm {b}})}
。
或可用以下表達式表示:
d
n
d
λ
<
0
{\displaystyle {\frac {{\mathrm {d} }n}{{\mathrm {d} }\lambda }}<0}
。
在此狀況下,此介質擁有正常頻散 。然而,當折射率隨著波長增加而增加時(通常在紫外光區發現[ 4] ),則介質被稱為擁有反常頻散 。
法國 數學家 柯西 發現折射率和光波長的關係,可以用一個級數 表示:
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{\displaystyle n(\lambda )=B+{\frac {C}{\lambda ^{2}}}+{\frac {D}{\lambda ^{4}}}+\cdots }
其中,B、C、D 是三個柯西色散係數,由物質的種類決定。只需測定三個不同波長的光的折射率 n (λ ),代入柯西色散公式中,便可得到三個聯立方程式。解這組聯立方程式就可以得到這種物質的三個柯西色散係數。有了三個柯西色散係數,就可以計算出其他波長的光的折射率,而不需要再進行測量。
除了柯西色散公式之外,還有其他的色散公式,如:Hartmann色散公式、Conrady色散公式、Hetzberger色散公式等。
在一種假想介質(k=ω²)中傳播的短時脈衝的時間演化。這體現了長波成分比短波成分傳播要更快(正群速度色散),產生啁啾和脈衝變寬。
色散的效應遠不止是使得相速度隨着波長變化,更重要的是它產生一種叫做群速度色散 的效應。相速度 v 被定義為 v = c / n ,然而這僅僅定義了一種頻率的速度。當含有不同頻率成分的波疊加在一起,比如一個信號或者脈衝,我們更關心群速度 。群速度描述了一個脈衝或者信號中的信息隨着波動傳播的速度。在旁邊的動圖中,我們可以發現波動本身(橙色)以相速度移動,這個速度要比波包(黑色)代表的群速度更快。舉個例子,這個脈衝可能是一個通訊信號,其內的信息只能以群速度傳播,儘管它由速度更快的波前組成。
從折射率曲線 n (ω ),我們可以算出群速度。或者用一種更直接的計算方式。首先我們計算波數 k = ωn/c ,其中,ω =2πf 是角頻率。這樣,相速度的公式是vp =ω/k ,而群速度的計算公式可以用導數 v g =dω/dk 表示。或者,群速度也可以用相速度 vp 表示:
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{\displaystyle {\rm {v_{g}}}={\frac {\rm {v_{p}}}{1-{\frac {\omega }{\rm {v_{p}}}}{\frac {\rm {dv_{p}}}{d\omega }}}}.}
當存在色散的時候,群速度不但不等於相速度,它還會隨着波長變化。這種現象被稱作群速度色散(Group Velocity Dispersion, GVD),也導致一個脈衝會變寬,這是因為脈衝里含有多個頻率的成分,它們的速度不同。群速度色散可以用群速度的倒數 對角頻率的導數 d2 k/dω2 來定量描述。
如果一個光脈衝在介質中的傳播具有正群速度色散,那麼短波成分的群速度就小於長波成分的群速度,這個脈衝就是正啁啾 的 (up-chirped),它的頻率隨着時間升高。 反之,如果一個光脈衝在介質中的傳播具有負群速度色散,那麼短波成分的群速度就大於長波成分的群速度,這個脈衝就是負啁啾 的 (down-chirped),它的頻率隨着時間降低。
群速度色散參數 :
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{\displaystyle D=-{\frac {\lambda }{c}}\,{\frac {{\rm {d}}^{2}n}{{\rm {d}}\lambda ^{2}}}.}
經常被用來定量描述群速度色散。D 和群速度色散的比值是一個負的係數:
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{\displaystyle D=-{\frac {2\pi c}{\lambda ^{2}}}\,{\frac {{\rm {d}}^{2}k}{{\rm {d}}\omega ^{2}}}.}
一些書的作者把折射率對波長的二階導數 大於0(或小於0),也即D 小於0(或大於0),稱為正常色散/反常色散。[ 5] 這個定義和群速度色散有關,不可以和前一節相混淆。一般來說這兩者沒有必然聯繫,讀者必須從上下文推斷含義。
不論是負還是正的群速度色散,其最終結果皆為脈衝在時間上的擴展。這使得色散在管理在基於光纖的光學通訊系統中十分重要。因為如果色散過於強烈,對應於一組比特的一系列脈衝將在時域擴散開並相互混合,使得信號無法被解讀。這限制了信號在光纖中傳輸的距離(如果沒有進行信號重新生成)。
此問題的可能解法之一是在光纖中傳輸群速度色散為0的信號(例如,在硅纖維中 1.3–1.5 μm 的信號),此波長的信號在傳輸過程中的色散可以控制到最小。
然而,在實務上,這種做法引發的問題比其解決的問題要麻煩很多:群色散為0的信號放大了其他非線性效應(例如四波混頻 )。
另一種選項是在負色散區域使用孤子 脈衝,其特性是它利用非線性光學效應保持自身形狀。然而,孤子的現實問題是它需要脈衝具有一定水平的功率以保證非線性光學的效應的強度正確。
目前,實際使用的方案是進行色散補償,一般是將具有相反符號色散效應的光纖組合起來把色散效應抵消掉。這樣的補償受到非線性效應的限制,例如自相位調製 會和色散相互作用,從而導致色散難以消除。
色散控制在超短脈衝 激光 中也十分重要。激光生成的總色散是評估激光脈衝的長度的重要因素。一對稜鏡 可用於生成淨負色散,從而用於抵消常用激光介質中的正色散。衍射光柵 亦可用於產生色散效應,並通常在高功率激光增幅系統中應用。
近年來,啁啾鏡 作為稜鏡和光柵的替代得到發展。這種介電反射鏡具有鍍層,不同波長能透過的長度不同,因此具有不同的群延遲。這些鍍層可以設計為形成淨負色散。
高階色散的廣義公式 – Lah-Laguerre 光學[ 編輯 ]
通過泰勒係數以微擾方式描述色散對於需要平衡來自多個不同系統的色散的優化問題是有利的。 例如,在啁啾脈衝激光放大器中,脈衝首先由展寬器及時展寬,以避免光學損傷。 然後在放大過程中,脈沖不可避免地累積通過材料的線性和非線性相位。 最後,脈沖在各種類型的壓縮器中被壓縮。 為了在累積階段取消任何剩餘的更高訂單,通常會測量和平衡單個訂單。 然而,對於統一系統,通常不需要這種擾動描述(即在波導中傳播)。
色散階已以計算友好的方式推廣,以 Lah-Laguerre 類型變換的形式。[ 6] [ 7]
色散階數由相位或波矢量的泰勒展開式定義。
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{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{c}\varphi \mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} =\varphi \left.\ \right|_{\omega _{0}}+\left.\ {\frac {\partial \varphi }{\partial \omega }}\right|_{\omega _{0}}\left(\omega -\omega _{0}\right)+{\frac {1}{2}}\left.\ {\frac {\partial ^{2}\varphi }{\partial \omega ^{2}}}\right|_{\omega _{0}}\left(\omega -\omega _{0}\right)^{2}\ +\ldots +{\frac {1}{p!}}\left.\ {\frac {\partial ^{p}\varphi }{\partial \omega ^{p}}}\right|_{\omega _{0}}\left(\omega -\omega _{0}\right)^{p}+\ldots \end{array}}}
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{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{c}k\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} =k\left.\ \right|_{\omega _{0}}+\left.\ {\frac {\partial k}{\partial \omega }}\right|_{\omega _{0}}\left(\omega -\omega _{0}\right)+{\frac {1}{2}}\left.\ {\frac {\partial ^{2}k}{\partial \omega ^{2}}}\right|_{\omega _{0}}\left(\omega -\omega _{0}\right)^{2}\ +\ldots +{\frac {1}{p!}}\left.\ {\frac {\partial ^{p}k}{\partial \omega ^{p}}}\right|_{\omega _{0}}\left(\omega -\omega _{0}\right)^{p}+\ldots \end{array}}}
波子
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{\displaystyle k\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} ={\frac {\omega }{c}}n\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }
的色散關係和階段
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{\displaystyle \varphi \mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} ={\frac {\omega }{c}}{\it {OP}}\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }
可以表示為:
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{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{c}{\frac {{\partial }^{p}}{\partial {\omega }^{p}}}k\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} ={\frac {1}{c}}\left(p{\frac {{\partial }^{p-1}}{\partial {\omega }^{p-1}}}n\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} +\omega {\frac {{\partial }^{p}}{\partial {\omega }^{p}}}n\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} \right)\ \end{array}}}
,
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{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{c}{\frac {{\partial }^{p}}{\partial {\omega }^{p}}}\varphi \mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} ={\frac {1}{c}}\left(p{\frac {{\partial }^{p-1}}{\partial {\omega }^{p-1}}}{\it {OP}}\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} +\omega {\frac {{\partial }^{p}}{\partial {\omega }^{p}}}{\it {OP}}\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} \right)\end{array}}(1)}
任何可微函數
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{\displaystyle f\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {|} \lambda \mathrm {)} }
在波長或頻率空間的導數通過 Lah 變換指定為:
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{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{\frac {\partial ^{p}}{\partial {\omega }^{p}}}f\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} ={}{\left(\mathrm {-} \mathrm {1} \right)}^{p}{\left({\frac {\lambda }{\mathrm {2} \pi c}}\right)}^{p}\sum \limits _{m={0}}^{p}{{\mathcal {A}}\mathrm {(} p,m\mathrm {)} {\lambda }^{m}{\frac {{\partial }^{m}}{\partial {\lambda }^{m}}}f\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }\end{array}}}
,
{\displaystyle ,}
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{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{c}{\frac {{\partial }^{p}}{\partial {\lambda }^{p}}}f\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} ={}{\left(\mathrm {-} \mathrm {1} \right)}^{p}{\left({\frac {\omega }{\mathrm {2} \pi c}}\right)}^{p}\sum \limits _{m={0}}^{p}{{\mathcal {A}}\mathrm {(} p,m\mathrm {)} {\omega }^{m}{\frac {{\partial }^{m}}{\partial {\omega }^{m}}}f\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }\end{array}}(2)}
變換的矩陣元素是 Lah 係數:
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{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}\mathrm {(} p,m\mathrm {)} ={\frac {p\mathrm {!} }{\left(p\mathrm {-} m\right)\mathrm {!} m\mathrm {!} }}{\frac {\mathrm {(} p\mathrm {-} \mathrm {1)!} }{\mathrm {(} m\mathrm {-} \mathrm {1)!} }}}
為 GDD 編寫的上述表達式表明,具有波長 GGD 的常數將具有零高階。 從 GDD 評估的更高階數是:
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{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{c}{\frac {{\partial }^{p}}{\partial {\omega }^{p}}}GDD\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} ={}{\left(\mathrm {-} \mathrm {1} \right)}^{p}{\left({\frac {\lambda }{\mathrm {2} \pi c}}\right)}^{p}\sum \limits _{m={0}}^{p}{{\mathcal {A}}\mathrm {(} p,m\mathrm {)} {\lambda }^{m}{\frac {{\partial }^{m}}{\partial {\lambda }^{m}}}GDD\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }\end{array}}}
將表示為折射率
n
{\displaystyle n}
或光路
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P
{\displaystyle OP}
的等式(2)代入等式(1),得到色散階的封閉式表達式。 一般來說,
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{\displaystyle p^{th}}
階色散 POD 是負二階的拉蓋爾型變換:
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m
d
m
O
P
(
λ
)
d
λ
m
{\displaystyle POD={\frac {d^{p}\varphi (\omega )}{d\omega ^{p}}}=(-1)^{p}({\frac {\lambda }{2\pi c}})^{(p-1)}\sum _{m=0}^{p}{\mathcal {B(p,m)}}(\lambda )^{m}{\frac {d^{m}OP(\lambda )}{d\lambda ^{m}}}}
,
{\displaystyle ,}
P
O
D
=
d
p
k
(
ω
)
d
ω
p
=
(
−
1
)
p
(
λ
2
π
c
)
(
p
−
1
)
∑
m
=
0
p
B
(
p
,
m
)
(
λ
)
m
d
m
n
(
λ
)
d
λ
m
{\displaystyle POD={\frac {d^{p}k(\omega )}{d\omega ^{p}}}=(-1)^{p}({\frac {\lambda }{2\pi c}})^{(p-1)}\sum _{m=0}^{p}{\mathcal {B(p,m)}}(\lambda )^{m}{\frac {d^{m}n(\lambda )}{d\lambda ^{m}}}}
變換的矩陣元素是負 2 階的無符號拉蓋爾係數,給出如下:
B
(
p
,
m
)
=
p
!
(
p
−
m
)
!
m
!
(
p
−
2
)
!
(
m
−
2
)
!
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}\mathrm {(} p,m\mathrm {)} ={\frac {p\mathrm {!} }{\left(p\mathrm {-} m\right)\mathrm {!} m\mathrm {!} }}{\frac {\mathrm {(} p\mathrm {-} \mathrm {2)!} }{\mathrm {(} m\mathrm {-} \mathrm {2)!} }}}
前十個色散階,明確地為波矢量編寫,是:
G
D
=
∂
∂
ω
k
(
ω
)
=
1
c
(
n
(
ω
)
+
ω
∂
n
(
ω
)
∂
ω
)
=
1
c
(
n
(
λ
)
−
λ
∂
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
)
=
v
g
r
−
1
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{\boldsymbol {\it {GD}}}={\frac {\partial }{\partial \omega }}k\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} ={\frac {\mathrm {1} }{c}}\left(n\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} +\omega {\frac {\partial n\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{\partial \omega }}\right)={\frac {\mathrm {1} }{c}}\left(n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} -\lambda {\frac {\partial n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial \lambda }}\right)=v_{gr}^{\mathrm {-} \mathrm {1} }\end{array}}}
群折射率
n
g
{\displaystyle n_{g}}
定義為:
n
g
=
c
v
g
r
−
1
{\displaystyle n_{g}=cv_{gr}^{\mathrm {-} \mathrm {1} }}
.
G
D
D
=
∂
2
∂
ω
2
k
(
ω
)
=
1
c
(
2
∂
n
(
ω
)
∂
ω
+
ω
∂
2
n
(
ω
)
∂
ω
2
)
=
1
c
(
λ
2
π
c
)
(
λ
2
∂
2
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
2
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{\boldsymbol {\it {GDD}}}={\frac {{\partial }^{2}}{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {2} }}}k\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} ={\frac {\mathrm {1} }{c}}\left(\mathrm {2} {\frac {\partial n\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{\partial \omega }}+\omega {\frac {{\partial }^{2}n\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {2} }}}\right)={\frac {\mathrm {1} }{c}}\left({\frac {\lambda }{\mathrm {2} \pi c}}\right)\left({\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }{\frac {{\partial }^{2}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }}}\right)\end{array}}}
T
O
D
=
∂
3
∂
ω
3
k
(
ω
)
=
1
c
(
3
∂
2
n
(
ω
)
∂
ω
2
+
ω
∂
3
n
(
ω
)
∂
ω
3
)
=
−
1
c
(
λ
2
π
c
)
2
(
3
λ
2
∂
2
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
2
+
λ
3
∂
3
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
3
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{\boldsymbol {\it {TOD}}}={\frac {{\partial }^{3}}{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {3} }}}k\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} ={\frac {\mathrm {1} }{c}}\left(\mathrm {3} {\frac {{\partial }^{2}n\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {2} }}}+\omega {\frac {{\partial }^{3}n\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {3} }}}\right)={-}{\frac {\mathrm {1} }{c}}{\left({\frac {\lambda }{\mathrm {2} \pi c}}\right)}^{\mathrm {2} }{\Bigl (}\mathrm {3} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }{\frac {{\partial }^{2}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }}}+{\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }{\frac {{\partial }^{3}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }}}{\Bigr )}\end{array}}}
F
O
D
=
∂
4
∂
ω
4
k
(
ω
)
=
1
c
(
4
∂
3
n
(
ω
)
∂
ω
3
+
ω
∂
4
n
(
ω
)
∂
ω
4
)
=
1
c
(
λ
2
π
c
)
3
(
12
λ
2
∂
2
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
2
+
8
λ
3
∂
3
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
3
+
λ
4
∂
4
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
4
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{\boldsymbol {\it {FOD}}}={\frac {{\partial }^{4}}{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {4} }}}k\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} ={\frac {\mathrm {1} }{c}}\left(\mathrm {4} {\frac {{\partial }^{3}n\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {3} }}}+\omega {\frac {{\partial }^{4}n\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {4} }}}\right)={\frac {\mathrm {1} }{c}}{\left({\frac {\lambda }{\mathrm {2} \pi c}}\right)}^{\mathrm {3} }{\Bigl (}\mathrm {12} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }{\frac {{\partial }^{2}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }}}+\mathrm {8} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }{\frac {{\partial }^{3}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }}}+{\lambda }^{\mathrm {4} }{\frac {{\partial }^{4}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {4} }}}{\Bigr )}\end{array}}}
F
i
O
D
=
∂
5
∂
ω
5
k
(
ω
)
=
1
c
(
5
∂
4
n
(
ω
)
∂
ω
4
+
ω
∂
5
n
(
ω
)
∂
ω
5
)
=
−
1
c
(
λ
2
π
c
)
4
(
60
λ
2
∂
2
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
2
+
60
λ
3
∂
3
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
3
+
15
λ
4
∂
4
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
4
+
λ
5
∂
5
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
5
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{\boldsymbol {\it {FiOD}}}={\frac {{\partial }^{5}}{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {5} }}}k\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} ={\frac {\mathrm {1} }{c}}\left(\mathrm {5} {\frac {{\partial }^{4}n\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {4} }}}+\omega {\frac {{\partial }^{5}n\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {5} }}}\right)={-}{\frac {\mathrm {1} }{c}}{\left({\frac {\lambda }{\mathrm {2} \pi c}}\right)}^{\mathrm {4} }{\Bigl (}\mathrm {60} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }{\frac {{\partial }^{2}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }}}+\mathrm {60} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }{\frac {{\partial }^{3}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }}}+\mathrm {15} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {4} }{\frac {{\partial }^{4}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {4} }}}+{\lambda }^{\mathrm {5} }{\frac {{\partial }^{5}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {5} }}}{\Bigr )}\end{array}}}
S
i
O
D
=
∂
6
∂
ω
6
k
(
ω
)
=
1
c
(
6
∂
5
n
(
ω
)
∂
ω
5
+
ω
∂
6
n
(
ω
)
∂
ω
6
)
=
1
c
(
λ
2
π
c
)
5
(
360
λ
2
∂
2
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
2
+
480
λ
3
∂
3
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
3
+
180
λ
4
∂
4
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
4
+
24
λ
5
∂
5
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
5
+
λ
6
∂
6
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
6
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{\boldsymbol {\it {SiOD}}}={\frac {{\partial }^{6}}{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {6} }}}k\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} ={\frac {\mathrm {1} }{c}}\left(\mathrm {6} {\frac {{\partial }^{5}n\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {5} }}}+\omega {\frac {{\partial }^{6}n\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {6} }}}\right)={\frac {\mathrm {1} }{c}}{\left({\frac {\lambda }{\mathrm {2} \pi c}}\right)}^{\mathrm {5} }{\Bigl (}\mathrm {360} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }{\frac {{\partial }^{2}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }}}+\mathrm {480} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }{\frac {{\partial }^{3}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }}}+\mathrm {180} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {4} }{\frac {{\partial }^{4}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {4} }}}+\mathrm {24} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {5} }{\frac {{\partial }^{5}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {5} }}}+{\lambda }^{\mathrm {6} }{\frac {{\partial }^{6}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {6} }}}{\Bigr )}\end{array}}}
S
e
O
D
=
∂
7
∂
ω
7
k
(
ω
)
=
1
c
(
7
∂
6
n
(
ω
)
∂
ω
6
+
ω
∂
7
n
(
ω
)
∂
ω
7
)
=
−
1
c
(
λ
2
π
c
)
6
(
2520
λ
2
∂
2
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
2
+
4200
λ
3
∂
3
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
3
+
2100
λ
4
∂
4
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
4
+
420
λ
5
∂
5
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
5
+
35
λ
6
∂
6
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
6
+
λ
7
∂
7
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
7
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{\boldsymbol {\it {SeOD}}}={\frac {{\partial }^{7}}{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {7} }}}k\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} ={\frac {\mathrm {1} }{c}}\left(\mathrm {7} {\frac {{\partial }^{6}n\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{{\partial \omega }^{\mathrm {6} }}}+\omega {\frac {{\partial }^{7}n\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{{\partial \omega }^{\mathrm {7} }}}\right)={-}{\frac {\mathrm {1} }{c}}{\left({\frac {\lambda }{\mathrm {2} \pi c}}\right)}^{\mathrm {6} }{\Bigl (}\mathrm {2520} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }{\frac {{\partial }^{2}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }}}+\mathrm {4200} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }{\frac {{\partial }^{3}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }}}+\mathrm {2100} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {4} }{\frac {{\partial }^{4}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {4} }}}+\mathrm {420} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {5} }{\frac {{\partial }^{5}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {5} }}}+\mathrm {35} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {6} }{\frac {{\partial }^{6}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {6} }}}+{\lambda }^{\mathrm {7} }{\frac {{\partial }^{7}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {7} }}}{\Bigr )}\end{array}}}
E
O
D
=
∂
8
∂
ω
8
k
(
ω
)
=
1
c
(
8
∂
7
n
(
ω
)
∂
ω
7
+
ω
∂
8
n
(
ω
)
∂
ω
8
)
=
1
c
(
λ
2
π
c
)
7
(
20160
λ
2
∂
2
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
2
+
40320
λ
3
∂
3
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
3
+
25200
λ
4
∂
4
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
4
+
6720
λ
5
∂
5
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
5
+
840
λ
6
∂
6
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
6
+
+
48
λ
7
∂
7
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
7
+
λ
8
∂
8
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
8
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{\boldsymbol {\it {EOD}}}={\frac {{\partial }^{8}}{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {8} }}}k\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} ={\frac {\mathrm {1} }{c}}\left(\mathrm {8} {\frac {{\partial }^{7}n\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{{\partial \omega }^{\mathrm {7} }}}+\omega {\frac {{\partial }^{8}n\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {8} }}}\right)={\frac {\mathrm {1} }{c}}{\left({\frac {\lambda }{\mathrm {2} \pi c}}\right)}^{\mathrm {7} }{\Bigl (}\mathrm {20160} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }{\frac {{\partial }^{2}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }}}+\mathrm {40320} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }{\frac {{\partial }^{3}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }}}+\mathrm {25200} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {4} }{\frac {{\partial }^{4}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {4} }}}+\mathrm {6720} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {5} }{\frac {{\partial }^{5}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {5} }}}+\mathrm {840} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {6} }{\frac {{\partial }^{6}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {6} }}}+\\+\mathrm {48} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {7} }{\frac {{\partial }^{7}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {7} }}}+{\lambda }^{\mathrm {8} }{\frac {{\partial }^{8}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {8} }}}{\Bigr )}\end{array}}}
N
O
D
=
∂
9
∂
ω
9
k
(
ω
)
=
1
c
(
9
∂
8
n
(
ω
)
∂
ω
8
+
ω
∂
9
n
(
ω
)
∂
ω
9
)
=
−
1
c
(
λ
2
π
c
)
8
(
181440
λ
2
∂
2
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
2
+
423360
λ
3
∂
3
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
3
+
317520
λ
4
∂
4
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
4
+
105840
λ
5
∂
5
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
5
+
17640
λ
6
∂
6
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
6
+
+
1512
λ
7
∂
7
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
7
+
63
λ
8
∂
8
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
8
+
λ
9
∂
9
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
9
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{\boldsymbol {\it {NOD}}}={\frac {{\partial }^{9}}{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {9} }}}k\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} ={\frac {\mathrm {1} }{c}}\left(\mathrm {9} {\frac {{\partial }^{8}n\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {8} }}}+\omega {\frac {{\partial }^{9}n\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {9} }}}\right)={-}{\frac {\mathrm {1} }{c}}{\left({\frac {\lambda }{\mathrm {2} \pi c}}\right)}^{\mathrm {8} }{\Bigl (}\mathrm {181440} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }{\frac {{\partial }^{2}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }}}+\mathrm {423360} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }{\frac {{\partial }^{3}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }}}+\mathrm {317520} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {4} }{\frac {{\partial }^{4}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {4} }}}+\mathrm {105840} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {5} }{\frac {{\partial }^{5}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {5} }}}+\mathrm {17640} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {6} }{\frac {{\partial }^{6}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {6} }}}+\\+\mathrm {1512} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {7} }{\frac {{\partial }^{7}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {7} }}}+\mathrm {63} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {8} }{\frac {{\partial }^{8}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {8} }}}+{\lambda }^{\mathrm {9} }{\frac {{\partial }^{9}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {9} }}}{\Bigr )}\end{array}}}
T
e
O
D
=
∂
10
∂
ω
10
k
(
ω
)
=
1
c
(
10
∂
9
n
(
ω
)
∂
ω
9
+
ω
∂
10
n
(
ω
)
∂
ω
10
)
=
1
c
(
λ
2
π
c
)
9
(
1814400
λ
2
∂
2
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
2
+
4838400
λ
3
∂
3
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
3
+
4233600
λ
4
∂
4
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
4
+
1693440
λ
5
∂
5
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
5
+
+
352800
λ
6
∂
6
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
6
+
40320
λ
7
∂
7
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
7
+
2520
λ
8
∂
8
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
8
+
80
λ
9
∂
9
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
9
+
λ
10
∂
10
n
(
λ
)
∂
λ
10
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{\boldsymbol {\it {TeOD}}}={\frac {{\partial }^{10}}{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {10} }}}k\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} ={\frac {\mathrm {1} }{c}}\left(\mathrm {10} {\frac {{\partial }^{9}n\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {9} }}}+\omega {\frac {{\partial }^{10}n\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {10} }}}\right)={\frac {\mathrm {1} }{c}}{\left({\frac {\lambda }{\mathrm {2} \pi c}}\right)}^{\mathrm {9} }{\Bigl (}\mathrm {1814400} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }{\frac {{\partial }^{2}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }}}+\mathrm {4838400} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }{\frac {{\partial }^{3}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }}}+\mathrm {4233600} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {4} }{\frac {{\partial }^{4}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {4} }}}+{1693440}{\lambda }^{\mathrm {5} }{\frac {{\partial }^{5}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {5} }}}+\\+\mathrm {352800} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {6} }{\frac {{\partial }^{6}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {6} }}}+\mathrm {40320} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {7} }{\frac {{\partial }^{7}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {7} }}}+\mathrm {2520} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {8} }{\frac {{\partial }^{8}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {8} }}}+\mathrm {80} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {9} }{\frac {{\partial }^{9}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {9} }}}+{\lambda }^{\mathrm {10} }{\frac {{\partial }^{10}n\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {10} }}}{\Bigr )}\end{array}}}
明確地,為相位
φ
{\displaystyle \varphi }
編寫,前十個色散階可以使用 Lah 變換(等式(2))表示為波長的函數:
∂
p
∂
ω
p
f
(
ω
)
=
(
−
1
)
p
(
λ
2
π
c
)
p
∑
m
=
0
p
A
(
p
,
m
)
λ
m
∂
m
∂
λ
m
f
(
λ
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{\frac {\partial ^{p}}{\partial {\omega }^{p}}}f\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} ={}{\left(\mathrm {-} \mathrm {1} \right)}^{p}{\left({\frac {\lambda }{\mathrm {2} \pi c}}\right)}^{p}\sum \limits _{m={0}}^{p}{{\mathcal {A}}\mathrm {(} p,m\mathrm {)} {\lambda }^{m}{\frac {{\partial }^{m}}{\partial {\lambda }^{m}}}f\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }\end{array}}}
,
{\displaystyle ,}
∂
p
∂
λ
p
f
(
λ
)
=
(
−
1
)
p
(
ω
2
π
c
)
p
∑
m
=
0
p
A
(
p
,
m
)
ω
m
∂
m
∂
ω
m
f
(
ω
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{c}{\frac {{\partial }^{p}}{\partial {\lambda }^{p}}}f\mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} ={}{\left(\mathrm {-} \mathrm {1} \right)}^{p}{\left({\frac {\omega }{\mathrm {2} \pi c}}\right)}^{p}\sum \limits _{m={0}}^{p}{{\mathcal {A}}\mathrm {(} p,m\mathrm {)} {\omega }^{m}{\frac {{\partial }^{m}}{\partial {\omega }^{m}}}f\mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }\end{array}}}
∂
φ
(
ω
)
∂
ω
=
−
(
2
π
c
ω
2
)
∂
φ
(
ω
)
∂
λ
=
−
(
λ
2
2
π
c
)
∂
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{\frac {\partial \varphi \mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{\partial \omega }}={-}\left({\frac {\mathrm {2} \pi c}{{\omega }^{\mathrm {2} }}}\right){\frac {\partial \varphi \mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{\partial \lambda }}={-}\left({\frac {{\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }}{\mathrm {2} \pi c}}\right){\frac {\partial \varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial \lambda }}\end{array}}}
∂
2
φ
(
ω
)
∂
ω
2
=
∂
∂
ω
(
∂
φ
(
ω
)
∂
ω
)
=
(
λ
2
π
c
)
2
(
2
λ
∂
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
+
λ
2
∂
2
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
2
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{\frac {{\partial }^{2}\varphi \mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {2} }}}={\frac {\partial }{\partial \omega }}\left({\frac {\partial \varphi \mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{\partial \omega }}\right)={\left({\frac {\lambda }{\mathrm {2} \pi c}}\right)}^{\mathrm {2} }\left(\mathrm {2} \lambda {\frac {\partial \varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial \lambda }}+{\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }{\frac {{\partial }^{2}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }}}\right)\end{array}}}
∂
3
φ
(
ω
)
∂
ω
3
=
−
(
λ
2
π
c
)
3
(
6
λ
∂
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
+
6
λ
2
∂
2
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
2
+
λ
3
∂
3
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
3
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{\frac {{\partial }^{3}\varphi \mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {3} }}}={-}{\left({\frac {\lambda }{\mathrm {2} \pi c}}\right)}^{\mathrm {3} }\left(\mathrm {6} \lambda {\frac {\partial \varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial \lambda }}+\mathrm {6} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }{\frac {{\partial }^{2}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }}}+{\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }{\frac {{\partial }^{3}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }}}\right)\end{array}}}
∂
4
φ
(
ω
)
∂
ω
4
=
(
λ
2
π
c
)
4
(
24
λ
∂
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
+
36
λ
2
∂
2
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
2
+
12
λ
3
∂
3
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
3
+
λ
4
∂
4
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
4
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{\frac {{\partial }^{4}\varphi \mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {4} }}}={\left({\frac {\lambda }{\mathrm {2} \pi c}}\right)}^{\mathrm {4} }{\Bigl (}\mathrm {24} \lambda {\frac {\partial \varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial \lambda }}+\mathrm {36} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }{\frac {{\partial }^{2}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }}}+\mathrm {12} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }{\frac {{\partial }^{3}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }}}+{\lambda }^{\mathrm {4} }{\frac {{\partial }^{4}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {4} }}}{\Bigr )}\end{array}}}
∂
5
φ
(
ω
)
∂
ω
5
=
−
(
λ
2
π
c
)
5
(
120
λ
∂
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
+
240
λ
2
∂
2
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
2
+
120
λ
3
∂
3
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
3
+
20
λ
4
∂
4
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
4
+
λ
5
∂
5
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
5
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{\frac {{\partial }^{\mathrm {5} }\varphi \mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {5} }}}={-}{\left({\frac {\lambda }{\mathrm {2} \pi c}}\right)}^{\mathrm {5} }{\Bigl (}\mathrm {120} \lambda {\frac {\partial \varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial \lambda }}+\mathrm {240} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }{\frac {{\partial }^{2}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }}}+\mathrm {120} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }{\frac {{\partial }^{3}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }}}+\mathrm {20} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {4} }{\frac {{\partial }^{4}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {4} }}}+{\lambda }^{\mathrm {5} }{\frac {{\partial }^{5}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {5} }}}{\Bigr )}\end{array}}}
∂
6
φ
(
ω
)
∂
ω
6
=
(
λ
2
π
c
)
6
(
720
λ
∂
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
+
1800
λ
2
∂
2
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
2
+
1200
λ
3
∂
3
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
3
+
300
λ
4
∂
4
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
4
+
30
λ
5
∂
5
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
5
+
λ
6
∂
6
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
6
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{\frac {{\partial }^{6}\varphi \mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {6} }}}={\left({\frac {\lambda }{\mathrm {2} \pi c}}\right)}^{\mathrm {6} }{\Bigl (}\mathrm {720} \lambda {\frac {\partial \varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial \lambda }}+\mathrm {1800} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }{\frac {{\partial }^{2}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }}}+\mathrm {1200} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }{\frac {{\partial }^{3}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }}}+\mathrm {300} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {4} }{\frac {{\partial }^{4}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {4} }}}+\mathrm {30} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {5} }{\frac {{\partial }^{5}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {5} }}}\mathrm {\ +} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {6} }{\frac {{\partial }^{6}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {6} }}}{\Bigr )}\end{array}}}
∂
7
φ
(
ω
)
∂
ω
7
=
−
(
λ
2
π
c
)
7
(
5040
λ
∂
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
+
15120
λ
2
∂
2
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
2
+
12600
λ
3
∂
3
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
3
+
4200
λ
4
∂
4
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
4
+
630
λ
5
∂
5
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
5
+
42
λ
6
∂
6
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
6
+
λ
7
∂
7
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
7
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{\frac {{\partial }^{7}\varphi \mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {7} }}}={-}{\left({\frac {\lambda }{\mathrm {2} \pi c}}\right)}^{\mathrm {7} }{\Bigl (}\mathrm {5040} \lambda {\frac {\partial \varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial \lambda }}+\mathrm {15120} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }{\frac {{\partial }^{2}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }}}+\mathrm {12600} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }{\frac {{\partial }^{3}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }}}+\mathrm {4200} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {4} }{\frac {{\partial }^{4}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {4} }}}+\mathrm {630} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {5} }{\frac {{\partial }^{5}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {5} }}}+\mathrm {42} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {6} }{\frac {{\partial }^{6}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {6} }}}+{\lambda }^{\mathrm {7} }{\frac {{\partial }^{7}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {7} }}}{\Bigr )}\end{array}}}
∂
8
φ
(
ω
)
∂
ω
8
=
(
λ
2
π
c
)
8
(
40320
λ
∂
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
+
141120
λ
2
∂
2
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
2
+
141120
λ
3
∂
3
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
3
+
58800
λ
4
∂
4
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
4
+
11760
λ
5
∂
5
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
5
+
1176
λ
6
∂
6
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
6
+
56
λ
7
∂
7
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
7
+
+
λ
8
∂
8
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
8
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{\frac {{\partial }^{8}\varphi \mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {8} }}}={\left({\frac {\lambda }{\mathrm {2} \pi c}}\right)}^{\mathrm {8} }{\Bigl (}\mathrm {40320} \lambda {\frac {\partial \varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial \lambda }}+\mathrm {141120} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }{\frac {{\partial }^{2}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }}}+\mathrm {141120} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }{\frac {{\partial }^{3}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }}}+\mathrm {58800} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {4} }{\frac {{\partial }^{4}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {4} }}}+\mathrm {11760} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {5} }{\frac {{\partial }^{5}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {5} }}}+\mathrm {1176} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {6} }{\frac {{\partial }^{6}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {6} }}}+\mathrm {56} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {7} }{\frac {{\partial }^{7}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {7} }}}+\\+{\lambda }^{\mathrm {8} }{\frac {\partial ^{8}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {8} }}}{\Bigr )}\end{array}}}
∂
9
φ
(
ω
)
∂
ω
9
=
−
(
λ
2
π
c
)
9
(
362880
λ
∂
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
+
1451520
λ
2
∂
2
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
2
+
1693440
λ
3
∂
3
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
3
+
846720
λ
4
∂
4
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
4
+
211680
λ
5
∂
5
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
5
+
28224
λ
6
∂
6
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
6
+
+
2016
λ
7
∂
7
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
7
+
72
λ
8
∂
8
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
8
+
λ
9
∂
9
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
9
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{\frac {{\partial }^{9}\varphi \mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {9} }}}={-}{\left({\frac {\lambda }{\mathrm {2} \pi c}}\right)}^{\mathrm {9} }{\Bigl (}\mathrm {362880} \lambda {\frac {\partial \varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial \lambda }}+\mathrm {1451520} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }{\frac {{\partial }^{2}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }}}+\mathrm {1693440} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }{\frac {{\partial }^{3}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }}}+\mathrm {846720} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {4} }{\frac {{\partial }^{4}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {4} }}}+\mathrm {211680} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {5} }{\frac {{\partial }^{5}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {5} }}}+\mathrm {28224} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {6} }{\frac {{\partial }^{6}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {6} }}}+\\+\mathrm {2016} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {7} }{\frac {{\partial }^{7}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {7} }}}+\mathrm {72} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {8} }{\frac {{\partial }^{8}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {8} }}}+{\lambda }^{\mathrm {9} }{\frac {\partial ^{\mathrm {9} }\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {9} }}}{\Bigr )}\end{array}}}
∂
10
φ
(
ω
)
∂
ω
10
=
(
λ
2
π
c
)
10
(
3628800
λ
∂
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
+
16329600
λ
2
∂
2
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
2
+
21772800
λ
3
∂
3
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
3
+
12700800
λ
4
∂
4
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
4
+
3810240
λ
5
∂
5
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
5
+
635040
λ
6
∂
6
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
6
+
+
60480
λ
7
∂
7
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
7
+
3240
λ
8
∂
8
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
8
+
90
λ
9
∂
9
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
9
+
λ
10
∂
10
φ
(
λ
)
∂
λ
10
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{\frac {{\partial }^{10}\varphi \mathrm {(} \omega \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\omega }^{\mathrm {10} }}}={\left({\frac {\lambda }{\mathrm {2} \pi c}}\right)}^{\mathrm {10} }{\Bigl (}\mathrm {3628800} \lambda {\frac {\partial \varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial \lambda }}+\mathrm {16329600} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }{\frac {{\partial }^{2}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {2} }}}+\mathrm {21772800} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }{\frac {{\partial }^{3}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {3} }}}+\mathrm {12700800} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {4} }{\frac {{\partial }^{4}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {4} }}}+\mathrm {3810240} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {5} }{\frac {{\partial }^{5}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {5} }}}+\mathrm {635040} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {6} }{\frac {{\partial }^{6}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {6} }}}+\\+\mathrm {60480} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {7} }{\frac {{\partial }^{7}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {7} }}}+\mathrm {3240} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {8} }{\frac {{\partial }^{8}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {8} }}}+\mathrm {90} {\lambda }^{\mathrm {9} }{\frac {{\partial }^{9}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {9} }}}+{\lambda }^{\mathrm {10} }{\frac {{\partial }^{10}\varphi \mathrm {(} \lambda \mathrm {)} }{\partial {\lambda }^{\mathrm {10} }}}{\Bigr )}\end{array}}}
在日光下使用一桶水和一片鏡子就可以觀察光的色散現象了。為了便於觀察現象,實驗中光路需要較大的出射角 來增大色散角度。此演示實驗中鏡子起到調整日光出射水面角度的作用。
^ 辞海网络版 - 色散 . www.cihai.com.cn. [2024-02-29 ] . (原始內容存檔 於2024-02-29).
^ 1882-1970., Born, Max,. Principles of optics : electromagnetic theory of propagation, interference and diffraction of light. 7th expanded. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press https://web.archive.org/web/20080620012317/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40200160 . 1999 [2019-01-28 ] . ISBN 0521642221 . OCLC 40200160 . (原始內容 存檔於2008-06-20).
^ Dispersion Compensation (頁面存檔備份 ,存於網際網路檔案館 ) Retrieved 25-08-2015.
^ Born, M. and Wolf, E. (1980) "Principles of Optics, 6th ed." pg. 93. Pergamon Press.
^ Saleh, B.E.A. and Teich, M.C. Fundamentals of Photonics (2nd Edition) Wiley, 2007.
^ Popmintchev, Dimitar; Wang, Siyang; Xiaoshi, Zhang; Stoev, Ventzislav; Popmintchev, Tenio. Analytical Lah-Laguerre optical formalism for perturbative chromatic dispersion. Optics Express . 2022-10-24, 30 (22): 40779–40808. Bibcode:2022OExpr..3040779P . PMID 36299007 . doi:10.1364/OE.457139 (英語) .
^ Popmintchev, Dimitar; Wang, Siyang; Xiaoshi, Zhang; Stoev, Ventzislav; Popmintchev, Tenio. Theory of the Chromatic Dispersion, Revisited. 2020-08-30. arXiv:2011.00066 [physics.optics ] (英語) .