白白的恩典
![]() | 此條目需要精通或熟悉基督教的編者參與及協助編輯。 |
白白的恩典(英語:Free grace;也稱白白恩典)[1]是一種基督教救恩觀,主張信心是得救的唯一條件,得救的人擁有永恆的安全,即他們不會失去救恩;這樣的安全不依賴信徒的善行和堅忍,只依賴神的應許和保證。白白的恩典的倡導者們認為,善行並不是賺取救恩(如天主教所主張[2])的條件,也不是維持救恩(如阿米念主義所主張)的條件,也不是證明救恩(如加爾文主義所主張)的條件,而是作為基督門徒的要素和接受永恆獎賞的基礎[3][4][5][6]。這種救恩觀區分了得救和作門徒 - 得救是相信基督為救主,接受永生的禮物;作門徒是跟隨基督並順服他[7] 。白白的恩典神學家強調救恩的絕對免費性,救恩是白白得來的,因此信徒完全不需要基於自己的表現而確信自己有永生,只需基於神的話語就可確信自己有永生。與此相對的是,其他神學立場往往需要基於信徒的個人表現才能確信他們是否有永生。
支持者
[編輯]- Charles Henry Mackintosh[8]
- 司可福[9]
- J. Vernon McGee[10]
- Charles Ryrie[11]
- Robert Lightner[12]
- Everett Harrison [13]
- Merrill Unger[14][15]
- 贊恩·C·霍奇斯[16][17]
- 倪柝聲[18]
- Robert Wilkin[19]
- Charles Stanley[20]
- Jerry Vernon Lloyd
- Tony Evans[21]
- Chuck Swindoll[22]
- Robert Thieme
- William Newell[11][23]
- Lance Latham[24]
- David Anderson[3]
- Larry Moyer[25]
- Earl Radmacher[26]
- Charles Bing[27]
- Joseph Dillow[4]
- Fred Chay[28]
- J. Paul Tanner[29]
- Ralph Arnold [30]
- Shawn Lazar [31]
- Kenneth W. Yates [32]
- Andy Woods [33]
- John Niemelä [34]
- Dennis Rokser [35]
- Jack Hyles[36][37]
- Norman Geisler[38]
- Miles Stanford[38]
- R. T. Kendall[39]
- Anthony B. Badger [40]
- M.R. DeHaan[41]
- John R. Rice[42]
- Grant Hawley [43]
- Harry Ironside[44]
白白的恩典主要是由以下團體中的個人所宣講:美南浸信會,獨立浸信會, 普利茅斯弟兄會,一些無宗派的教會。[45][46]
信仰內容
[編輯]核心信仰
[編輯]歷史上白白的恩典的共同的核心信仰包括:
信仰 | 解釋 |
---|---|
惟獨信心 | 神宣告一個相信基督的人為義,這與信仰前後的行為無關。約翰福音3:14–17將相信耶穌比作以色列人在曠野望着銅蛇得到醫治(參見《民數記》第21章)。[47] |
父子關係有別於親密關係 | 僅憑信心,人就可以與神建立起永久的父子關係。當人相信時,就會有"新生",這種屬靈上的重生是無法撤銷的。然而,這種家庭關係並不保證與神的親密團契;要與神保持親密關係,需要順從。[48] |
稱義有別於成聖 | 在神面前的稱義是一種無條件的免費恩賜,僅憑信心就能獲得;但是,成聖則需要對神的順從。並非所有基督徒的成聖都能得到保證。只有所有基督徒最終被榮耀化到無罪狀態的事情才能得到保證(羅馬書8:30;腓立比書2:12)。[49][50] |
永恆的安全 | 人一旦相信耶穌基督是神和救主,無論他後來的行為如何,他都將與神共度永恆。神的永恆接納是無條件的。加入神的家庭是永久的、不可撤銷的禮物(羅馬書11:29)。[51][52] |
得救的確據 | 每個基督徒都能對自己的永恆救恩產生確據,因為神稱那些單單相信的人為義,並保證永恆的安全。[53][54] |
賞賜和管教 | 所有基督徒都將接受基督的審判,審判是根據他們的行為和對基督的效法程度。這被稱為基督的審判台。這個審判並不涉及天堂或地獄,而是賞賜或暫時的懲罰。神作為父親對他的孩子們的接納是無條件給予的。然而,神只給那些順從、服侍他的孩子們永恆的尊貴、榮耀和地位。好的父母會管教他們的孩子,不會支持有害的行為。同樣,神也不會支持他的兒女的罪惡行為(希伯來書12:5-11)。[55] |
救恩論
[編輯]白白的恩典神學以堅持惟獨信心而著稱,主張人得救與悔改、受洗或堅忍到底無關。這些行為對於獲得永恆的獎賞是必要的,對於得救卻不是必要的。白白的恩典的宣講者們普遍一致認為,善行不能贏得永生,也不能維持永生,也不能證明人有永生[56]。換言之,主耶穌慷慨地將永恆的救恩作為免費的禮物賜予那些相信他的人[57][58]。白白的恩典神學家普遍堅持信徒的永恆安全,但他們否認每個信徒都必然會堅持信仰。因此,白白的恩典神學家認為,任何相信耶穌基督的人無論未來的行為如何——包括未來的罪行、不信或叛教——都將進入天堂,儘管犯罪或放棄信仰的基督徒將面臨上帝的管教。但不是所有堅持白白的恩典神學的人都同意此觀點,一些人認為,之後放棄信仰的人不會得救。但他們不是失去了救恩,而是一直就沒有真正的救恩。他們的信是膚淺的信,是無根的信(路加福音8:13),是為了今生利益的信。
悔改
[編輯]與其他宗派的傳統不同,白白的恩典神學家對悔改的觀點大致可以歸為三類:
- 大部分白白的恩典神學家,包括Harry A. Ironside,Lewis Sperry Chafer, Charles Ryrie, Walvoord, Pentecost, Charlie Bing等人,都認為悔改應被視為改變心意,而不是轉離罪惡或對罪惡的悔恨。因此,在這個觀點中,悔改被視為相信的同義詞。[59] [60]
- 贊恩·C·霍奇斯、David Anderson、 Robert Wilkin 提出了第二種觀點[61] ,悔改被定義為轉離罪惡,但不是獲得永生的條件,只有相信基督才是獲得永生的條件。贊恩·霍奇斯在他的書《與神和諧》中提出了這個觀點,他認為悔改不是得救的條件,而是與神團契和成聖的條件。
- 約瑟夫·迪洛(Joseph Dillow )教導說悔改是指對罪惡的悔恨或後悔,在他看來,這是相信的必要前提條件。然而,迪洛拒絕了將悔改視為對基督的委身的觀點。
基督的審判台
[編輯]白白的恩典神學家對基督審判台前的永恆獎賞的教義給予了極大的重視。根據該神學,那些看似將稱義與善行聯繫起來的經文,實際上指向永恆的獎賞,而非永恆的救恩。這種觀點認為,個人將因着他們的服事程度獲得不同的獎賞,這一解讀基於哥林多前書,保羅提到有人得救,卻「像從火里經過的一樣」。恩典神學家將此理解為,那些沒有服事基督的人會得救,但會喪失永恆的獎賞。[62] [63]
神的管教
[編輯]白白的恩典神學家認為,行為不義的信徒將會經歷神嚴厲的管教。他們通常將希伯來書中的警告,如第10章和第6章的警告,解釋為對背道的嚴厲懲戒的警告。
雅各書信和約翰書信
[編輯]白白的恩典神學家對於善行作為得救的果子的角色有一些不同的觀點,這主要是由於他們對雅各書的解釋不同。大多數白白的恩典神學家,如鮑勃·威爾金、贊恩·霍奇斯、約瑟夫·迪洛等人,認為那些擁有雅各書2:17所提到的「死的信心」的人並非假的基督徒,他們認為這裡的「死」指的是一種在今生和基督審判台前都無益的信仰,但並不暗示假信。因此,當雅各問「這信心能救他嗎」(2:14),此處的「救」被理解為從罪的暫時懲戒中得救(如贊恩·霍奇斯的觀點),或者從獎賞的損失中得救(如查理·賓的觀點),或者兩者兼有(如約瑟夫·迪洛的觀點)。這些神學家爭辯說,雅各書在語境上並未談論永恆的救恩[64][5][65][66]。肯尼思·威爾遜認為,奧古斯丁在雅各書2章的觀點上犯了錯誤,這導致人們認為「鬼魔的假信心」沒有善行,而「真信心」必然帶來善行。[67]
與之不同的是,雖然查爾斯·賴瑞是白白的恩典神學家,但他認為信心自然會引導人行善,他解釋說雅各書是在談論永恆的得救。賴瑞卻反對主權救恩神學(Lordship salvation),認為信徒並不總是有果子,果子也不一定總是明顯的。賴瑞補充說,信徒會在「某種程度上,某個時候,某個地方」有果子,但他同意「屬肉體的基督徒」是存在的。
改革宗神學家經常將約翰一書視為一種測試,以便知道人是否被稱義。然而,在白白的恩典神學中,這封書信被視為是測試人是否與上帝有團契。因此,白白的恩典神學家將約翰一書中的「知道」等詞解釋為親密關係,而不是得救。
時代論
[編輯]白白的恩典神學通常具有時代論的立場。一些白白的恩典神學家試圖表明,白白的恩典神學是時代論的自然結果[68][69]。但仍有一些非時代論神學家持有白白的恩典的救贖論觀點[70]。
根據戴夫·安德森的說法,白白的恩典神學與前千禧年主義聯繫更緊密,而不是與時代論的聯繫更緊密。[71]
得救的確據
[編輯]白白的恩典神學在得救的確據上有着獨特的立場。所有白白的恩典的倡導者都認同,人能確信自己與上帝共度永恆是基於聖經的承諾,而不是基於個人的行為或在成聖道路上的進展。這一觀點強烈區分了永生的禮物(伴隨着因信稱義)與門徒生活(順從)。白白的恩典教導人們不需要通過自律行為或善行來換取上帝的永恆救贖;因此,人不能因犯罪或潛在的失敗而失去救恩,此種確信是建立在聖經上,而不是對自我行為的反省上。得救的確信是基於基督的義賜予信徒(被歸算的義),而不是基於成聖的增長。關於確信的內容,達拉斯神學院在其教義聲明的第11條中總結了白白的恩典神學的普遍共識[72]:
我們相信,所有相信基督、通過聖靈重生的人,從他們把耶穌作為救主的那一天起,都有一項特權,就是確信自己得救,這種確信不是基於虛幻地發現了自己有價值,或虛幻地發現了自己配得,而完全建立在聖經上,藉此激發祂的子民產生兒女般的愛、感恩和順從(路加福音10:20;22:32;哥林多後書5:1, 6–8;提摩太後書1:12;希伯來書10:22;約翰一書5:13)。
信心的內容
[編輯]在白白的恩典神學家中,對信心的對象有一些爭議。贊恩·C·霍奇斯在晚年認為,信心是同意永生的應許;恩典福音社也持此觀點。恩典福音社教導說,一個人要得救,不需要知道基督的神性、贖罪和基督的復活;一個人要成聖,需要知道這些[73] [74][75]。但不是所有堅持白白的恩典神學的人都同意此觀點。查爾斯·賴瑞、查理·賓、喬迪·迪洛等神學家認為,信心的對象是耶穌基督和他的工作 [74][76] 。關於基督的埋葬對於救贖是否是必需的,存在一些小規模的分歧。[77]
白白的恩典神學家通常認為,在救贖中,「信心的質量」並不重要,只有信心的對象重要,正如查理·賓所說:「強調一個人的信心的質量必然意味着信心的對象被淡化」。
贖罪
[編輯]白白的恩典神學家堅持無限贖罪(unlimited atonement) 和刑罰性的、替代性的贖罪(penal substitutionary atonement)。白白的恩典神學也區分了兩種類型的饒恕,即地位上的饒恕和家庭內的饒恕:地位上的饒恕是通過單單相信而獲得的,而家庭內的饒恕則通過認罪獲得。家庭內的饒恕並不是為了得救,而是為了恢復與上帝的團契和親密關係。
揀選
[編輯]在白白的恩典神學中,對於揀選的觀點確實存在多樣性。以下是一些主要的觀點:
- 溫和加爾文主義:查爾斯·賴瑞和劉易斯·斯佩里·查費爾等人接受了加爾文主義關於揀選的溫和形式[78]。
- 有條件的揀選:這是基於上帝的預知,認為上帝根據他預先知道的人的信仰來揀選他們。但持此觀點的白白恩典神學家通常拒絕阿米念主義的其他教義。
- 團體揀選:認為上帝揀選的是一個團體,而不是個人。
- 服事揀選:肖恩·拉扎爾和恩典福音社等人教導,上帝的揀選總是為了服事的目的。[79][80]
與五點加爾文主義的比較
[編輯]加爾文主義 | 白白的恩典 |
---|---|
全然的敗壞:人全然敗壞,所以不能對神產生信心[81]。 | 神賜給人能力做選擇,他們能夠選擇相信神,相信基督(無需神注入信心)[82]。 |
無條件的揀選:人無法靠自己來到神面前(神必須注入信心)。神先揀選了一些人,獨立於被選之人的選擇,將他們帶到自己面前。[83] | 神希望所有人都能相信他,而揀選是根據神對所有事件(包括信心)的預知。然而,少數恩典神學家相信無條件的揀選,例如查爾斯·賴瑞。[84][85] |
有限的贖罪: 神只揀選了一些人,所以基督的死只是為選民;他不是為所有人而死。[86] | 耶穌基督為所有人死,但是只對相信他的人有效力。[87][88] |
不可抗拒的恩典:人全然敗壞,所以神必須將他的恩典強加於選民身上,使得他們不得不相信他。[89] | 人能抗拒神的恩典,也能接受他的恩典,無需神的脅迫。[90] |
聖徒的堅忍:確定你是否接受了無法抵抗的恩典並因此獲得了得救的信心的唯一方式,就是觀察你是否在順從和善行上持續成長。順從和善行是必然的,因為信心是上帝的禮物,所以信心必須是完美的,並最終能夠塑造完美的人。[91] | 基督徒通過上帝的恩典獲得永恆的安全,而與他們是否在善行中堅忍到底,在「恩典狀態」中離世無關。在信仰上堅忍是信徒的選擇,也是信徒在今生和永生中實現最大快樂和滿足的途徑。[92] |
參見
[編輯]- 主權救恩神學 (Lordship Salvation)
參考
[編輯]- ^ 白白的恩典(Free Grace). 馬來西亞基督教衛理公會砂拉越華人年議會. 2020-02-26 [2024-06-09] (中文(簡體)).
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church. [12 April 2021].
Justification is conferred in Baptism, the sacrament of faith. It conforms us to the righteousness of God, who makes us inwardly just by the power of his mercy. Its purpose is the glory of God and of Christ, and the gift of eternal life . . . . Moved by the Holy Spirit and by charity, we can then merit for ourselves and for others the graces needed for our sanctification, for the increase of grace and charity, and for the attainment of eternal life.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Anderson, David. Free Grace Soteriology 3rd. The Woodlands, TX: Grace Theology Press. 2018.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Dillow, Joseph. Final Destiny: The Future Reign of the Servant Kings. 2012.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Webmaster, G. E. S. The Faith of Demons: James 2:19 – Grace Evangelical Society. September 1995 [2023-01-10] (美國英語).
- ^ Farley, Andrew. Relaxing with God: The Neglected Spiritual Discipline. Baker Books. 2014-06-24. ISBN 978-1-4412-4608-0 (英語).
- ^ Bing, Charles. Grace, Salvation, and Discipleship: How to Understand Some Difficult Bible Passages. The Woodlands, TX: Grace Theology Press. 2015: 7–30.
- ^ Webmaster, G. E. S. A Voice from the Past: Sanctification: What Is It? – Grace Evangelical Society. September 1992 [2023-04-14] (美國英語).
As a strong advocate of Free Grace in the Brethren assemblies, Mackintosh was harshly censured by southern (U.S.) Presbyterian theologian Robert Dabney
- ^ Scofield, Cyrus. In Many Pulpits. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1922.
- ^ YouTube上的"The Power of the Word of God"
- ^ 11.0 11.1 Bob Nyberg. The Free Grace Fracture (PDF). 4himnet.com. [25 February 2015].
- ^ Lightner, Robert. Sin, the Savior, and Salvation: The Theology of Everlasting Life. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Kregel. 1996.
- ^ Ministries, GraceLife. A History of Free Grace. www.gracelife.org. [2023-04-13] (美國英語).
- ^ Unger, Merrill. Great Neglected Bible Prophecies. Chicago: Scripture Press. 1955: 120–122.
- ^ Unger, Merrill. The New Unger's Bible Handbook, Rev. Ed.. Chicago: Moody. 2005: 537.
- ^ Hodges, Zane. The Gospel Under Siege. Dallas, TX: Redencion Viva. 1981.
- ^ Hodges, Zane. Absolutely Free: A Biblical Reply to Lordship Salvation. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. 1989.
- ^ Chay, Fred (2017). A Defense of Free Grace Theology: With Respect to Saving Faith, Perseverance, and Assurance. Grace Theology Press. ISBN 978-0-9981385-4-1.
- ^ Wilkin, Robert. Justification by Faith Alone is an Essential Part of the Gospel. Journal of the Grace Evangelical Society. 2005: 1–13.
- ^ Stanley, Charles. Understanding Eternal Security: Secure in God's Unconditional Love. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson. 1998.
- ^ Evans, Anthony. Theology You Can Count On. Chicago: Moody. 2008.
- ^ YouTube上的"Isn't It Risky to Embrace Grace? Pt. 1"
- ^ William R. Newell. Pilkingtonandsons.com. 1956-04-01 [2015-02-25].
- ^ Latham, Lance. The Two Gospels. Streamwood, Illinois: Awana Clubs International. 1984.
- ^ Moyer, Larry. Free and Clear: Understanding & Communicating God's Offer of Eternal Life. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel. 1997.
- ^ Radmacher, Earl. Salvation. Swindoll Leadership Library Series. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson. 2007.
- ^ Bing, Charles. Lordship Salvation: A Biblical Evaluation and Response 2. Xulon. 2010.Lordship Salvation. GraceLife Ministries. 2010-01-01 [2020-08-06].
- ^ Chay, Fred (編). A Defense of Free Grace Theology. The Woodlands, TX: Grace Theology Press. 2017.
- ^ Tanner, Paul (編). A Defense of Free Grace Theology. The Woodlands, TX: Grace Theology Press. 2017.
- ^ The Gospel Driven Man – Grace Evangelical Society. [2023-04-17] (美國英語).
- ^ Shawn Lazar – Grace Evangelical Society. [2023-04-13] (美國英語).
- ^ Kenneth W. Yates – Grace Evangelical Society. [2023-05-12] (美國英語).
- ^ The Coming Kingdom: What Is the Kingdom and How Is Kingdom Now Theology Changing the Focus of the Church? – Grace Evangelical Society. [2023-05-12] (美國英語).
- ^ Niemelä, John. Was the Gospel Lost Until the Reformation? – Grace Evangelical Society. July 2015 [2020-09-10] (美國英語).
- ^ Rokser, Dennis M.; Stegall, Thomas L.; Witzig, Kurt. Should Christians Fear Outer Darkness?. Grace Gospel Press. 2015-09-18. ISBN 978-1-939110-10-7 (英語).
- ^ Hyles, Jack. Enemies of Soul Winning.
Exactly what do we mean when we say, "Lordship Salvation"? We are talking about the false doctrine that says that in order for a person to be saved, he must make Jesus the Lord of his life. If that doctrine were true, then no one could be saved, because as long as we are limited by these fleshly bodies, we will be unable to make Jesus totally the Lord of our lives.... There are those who say we have to repent of our sins in order to be saved. No, we have to repent only of the thing that makes us unsaved, and that is unbelief. If a person needs to turn from his sins in order to be saved, what sins does he turn from? Does he turn from pride? Does he turn from selfishness? Does he turn from covetousness? The truth is, nobody can turn from all of his sins until he is raptured and he receives a body like the body of the Saviour.
- ^ Repentance Versus the Heresies of Curtis Hutson & Jack Hyles – Grace Evangelical Society. 2023-10-03 [2023-10-04] (美國英語).
- ^ 38.0 38.1 Lordship Salvation. Ligonier Ministries. [2023-12-03] (美國英語).
During the final two decades of the twentieth century, certain dispensational theologians began to propagate the idea that one could be in a state of salvation and lack entirely the fruit of repentance from sin and obedience to Christ. Their particular form of soteriology came to be known as free grace–a title coined by Zane Hodges. Some of the other more well-known adherents of the Free Grace movement were Louis Sperry Chafer, Miles Stanford, and Norman Geisler. Hodges became a particularly well-known proponent of the Free Grace theology because of his 1981 book The Gospel under Siege.
- ^ Hodges, Zane Clark. A Free Grace Primer: The Hungry Inherit, the Gospel Under Siege, and Grace in Eclipse. Grace Evangelical Society. 2011-11-15. ISBN 978-0-9788773-9-2 (英語).
- ^ Free Grace Theology on Trial: A Refutation of "Historical Protestant" Soteriology – Grace Evangelical Society. 2023-05-16 [2023-05-16] (美國英語).
- ^ Lazar, Shawn. A Vast Difference: M. R. DeHaan on Salvation and Discipleship – Grace Evangelical Society. 2016-08-26 [2024-01-25] (美國英語).
- ^ R. Rice, John. Dr. Rice... Here Are More Questions. Sword of the Lord Publishers. 1973. ISBN 0-87398-157-X.
There is not any way you can judge whether people are born again except as you take their testimony that they have put their trust in Jesus Christ and depended on Him for salvation. Some of these young people indeed may not have been taught to trust in Christ. If they were looking for "an experience," a certain kind of feeling or emotion, then they may have been misled. Now a Christian should live a consecrated Christian life but that does not automatically follow.
- ^ Dispensationalism and Free Grace: Intimately Linked. Dispensational Publishing. [2023-08-20] (美國英語).
- ^ A. Ironside, Harry. What Is The Gospel?.
「 The Gospel is not a call to repentance, or to amendment of our ways, to make restitution for past sins, or to promise to do better in the future.
- ^ Wilkin, Bob. What Denominations Hold to Free Grace? – Grace Evangelical Society. 11 February 2022 [2023-01-10] (美國英語).[需要較佳來源]
- ^ Lazar, Shawn. Are There Any Free Grace Denominations? – Grace Evangelical Society. 24 August 2021 [2023-04-18] (美國英語).[需要較佳來源]
- ^ Bing, Charles. Lordship Salvation: A Biblical Evaluation and Response. Xulon. 2010.
- ^ Anderson, David. Maximum Joy: First John – Relationship or Fellowship? New Study. The Woodlands, TX: Grace Theology Press. 2013.
- ^ Radmacher, Earl. Salvation. Swindoll Leadership Library. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson. 2007: 143–186.
- ^ Dillow, Joseph. Final Destiny: The Future Reign of the Servant Kings. 2012: 350–390.
- ^ Charles, Stanley. Understanding Eternal Security: Secure in God's Unconditional Love. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson. 1998.
- ^ Dillow, Joseph. Final Destiny: The Future Reign of the Servant Kings. 2012: 719–738.
- ^ Moyer, Larry. Free and Clear: Understanding & Communicating God's Offer of Eternal Life. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel. 1997: 57–79.
- ^ Anderson, David (2018). Free Grace Soteriology (3rd. ed.). The Woodlands, TX: Grace Theology Press.
- ^ Dillow, Joseph. Final Destiny: The Future Reign of the Servant Kings. 2012: 910–989.
- ^ Hodges, Zane Clark. Absolutely Free!: A Biblical Reply to Lordship Salvation. Zondervan. 1989. ISBN 978-0-310-51960-7 (英語).
- ^ [1] 網際網路檔案館的存檔,存檔日期December 9, 2008,.
- ^ [2] 網際網路檔案館的存檔,存檔日期November 20, 2008,.
- ^ E.g., Dick Seymour, All About Repentance (1974)[頁碼請求]; G. Michael Cocoris, Lordship Salvation, Is it Biblical? (circa 1983)[頁碼請求] and Repentance: The Most Misunderstood Word in the Bible (1993)[頁碼請求]; Curtis Hutson, Repentance, What does the Bible Teach[頁碼請求]; Richard Hill, Why a Turn or Burn Theology is Wrong[頁碼請求]; and Ronald R. Shea, The Gospel booklet (1988)[頁碼請求]; and numerous articles by John R. Rice and Curtis Hutson in the Sword of the Lord magazine.[查證請求]
- ^ Bing, Dr Charlie. Repentance: What's in a Word. www.gracelife.org. [2023-04-17] (美國英語).
- ^ 3. New Testament Repentance: Lexical Considerations | Bible.org. bible.org. [2023-06-08] (英語).
- ^ Wilkin, Bob. Will There Be Haves and Have-Nots in Jesus' Kingdom? – Grace Evangelical Society. 14 December 2022 [2023-04-18] (美國英語).
- ^ Ministries, GraceLife. The Free Grace Alliance Within the Free Grace Movement: It is What it is!. www.gracelife.org. [2023-04-18] (美國英語).
- ^ Wilkin, Bob. Can Faith Without Works Save? – James 2:14 – Grace Evangelical Society. September 1994 [2023-01-10] (美國英語).
- ^ Dead Faith: What Is It?—A Study on James 2:14–26 – Grace Evangelical Society. [2023-02-21] (美國英語).
- ^ Bing, Dr Charlie. Faith and Works in James 2:14. www.gracelife.org. [2023-02-21] (美國英語).
- ^ Wilson, Kenneth. Reading James 2:19–20 Through Anti-Donatist Eyes: Untangling Augustine's Exegetical Legacy. JBL. 2020, 139 (2): 389–410.
- ^ Hawley, Grant. Dispensationalism and Free Grace: Intimately Linked. Dispensational Publishing House. October 2017. ISBN 978-1-945774-14-0 (英語).
- ^ Breshears, Gerry. New Directions in Dispensationalism. Evangelical Theological Society 43rd National Conference. Kansas City, MO. November 21–23, 1991. OCLC 58480089.
- ^ Ministries, GraceLife. The Free Grace Alliance Within the Free Grace Movement: It is What it is!. www.gracelife.org. [2023-10-10] (美國英語).
- ^ Anderson, David R. Free Grace Soteriology. Grace Theology Press. November 2012. ISBN 978-0-9884112-0-3 (英語).
- ^ Dallas Theological Seminary Website. Dts.edu. [2013-12-02]. (原始內容存檔於2018-06-28).
- ^ Dillehay, Justin. How 'Free Grace' Theology Diminishes the Gospel. The Gospel Coalition. 15 June 2017 [2023-01-28] (美國英語).
- ^ 74.0 74.1 Wilson, Ken. Heresy of the Grace Evangelical Society: Become a Christian Without Faith in Jesus As God and Savior. Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP Print US. 2020-12-31. ISBN 979-8-5859-6339-1 (英語).
- ^ Webmaster, G. E. S. Robert Sandeman (1718-1771) – Grace Evangelical Society. August 2022 [2023-05-12] (美國英語).
- ^ Patterson, Darrell. IS JESUS' SUBSTITUTIONARY DEATH FOR SIN NECESSARY TO BELIEVE FOR ETERNAL LIFE ACCORDING TO JOHN'S GOSPEL?. Grace Gospel Press. [2023-05-17] (美國英語).
- ^ Webmaster, G. E. S. Has Grace in Focus Put the Free-Grace Gospel Out of Focus? – Grace Evangelical Society. 2009-11-01 [2023-06-06] (美國英語).
- ^ A Review of Lewis Sperry Chafer's "Systematic Theology" | Bible.org. bible.org. [2023-10-30] (英語).
- ^ Chosen to Serve: Why Divine Election Is to Service, Not to Eternal Life – Grace Evangelical Society. [2023-10-30] (美國英語).
- ^ Wilkin, Bob. election to service – Grace Evangelical Society. 2022-11-15 [2023-10-30] (美國英語).
- ^ The Doctrine of Absolute Inability. Grace to You. [15 December 2018].
- ^ Doctrinal Statement. Grace School of Theology. [15 December 2018].
- ^ Grudem, Wayne. Election Is Not Based on God's Foreknowledge of Our Faith. Monergism. [15 December 2018].
- ^ Cobb, John. Election Is Based on Foreknowledge. Review and Expositor. 1954, 51 (1): 22–28. S2CID 146858973. doi:10.1177/003463735405100103.
- ^ Ryrie, Charles C. Basic Theology: A Popular Systematic Guide to Understanding Biblical Truth. Moody Publishers. 1999-01-11. ISBN 978-1-57567-498-8 (英語).
- ^ Schwertley, Brian. Limited Atonement. Monergism. [15 December 2018].
- ^ Waite, D.A. Calvin's Error of Limited Atonement. UK Apologetics. [15 December 2018].
- ^ See also Alcorn, Randy. What Is Your View on Limited Atonement?. Eternal Perspective Ministries. [15 December 2018].
- ^ Murray, John. Irresistible Grace. Ligonier Ministries. [15 December 2018].
- ^ Smith, C. Fred. Whosoever Will: A Review Essay. LBTS Faculty Publications and Presentations. 2010: 377.
- ^ Piper, John. Perseverance of the Saints. Desiring God. 15 March 2008 [15 December 2018].
- ^ Stanley, Charles. Eternal Security: Can You Be Sure?
. Nashville, TN: Oliver Nelson. 1990: 80. ISBN 9780840790958.