定比分点公式是平面几何学的基本公式。若D点在B点与C点之间,向量AD即可表达成向量AB与向量AC。
A D → = | C D → | | B C → | A B → + | B D → | | B C → | A C → {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {AD}}={\frac {|{\overrightarrow {CD}}|}{|{\overrightarrow {BC}}|}}{\overrightarrow {AB}}+{\frac {|{\overrightarrow {BD}}|}{|{\overrightarrow {BC}}|}}{\overrightarrow {AC}}}
当A位于原点,即AD、AB、AC为位置向量,利用公式可由B点、C点得出D点的坐标。
B D → = | B D → | | B C → | B C → = | B D → | | B C → | ( A C → − A B → ) {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {BD}}={\frac {|{\overrightarrow {BD}}|}{|{\overrightarrow {BC}}|}}{\overrightarrow {BC}}={\frac {|{\overrightarrow {BD}}|}{|{\overrightarrow {BC}}|}}({\overrightarrow {AC}}-{\overrightarrow {AB}})}
A D → = A B → + B D → = | C D → | | B C → | A B → + | B D → | | B C → | A C → {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {AD}}={\overrightarrow {AB}}+{\overrightarrow {BD}}={\frac {|{\overrightarrow {CD}}|}{|{\overrightarrow {BC}}|}}{\overrightarrow {AB}}+{\frac {|{\overrightarrow {BD}}|}{|{\overrightarrow {BC}}|}}{\overrightarrow {AC}}}
设 B D → = λ D C → {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {BD}}=\lambda {\overrightarrow {DC}}} ,则 A D → = A B → + λ A C → 1 + λ {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {AD}}={\frac {{\overrightarrow {AB}}+\lambda {\overrightarrow {AC}}}{1+\lambda }}} [1][2]
考虑向量AO、AB、AE,有 A O → = | O E → | | B E → | A B → + | O B → | | B E → | A E → {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {AO}}={\frac {|{\overrightarrow {OE}}|}{|{\overrightarrow {BE}}|}}{\overrightarrow {AB}}+{\frac {|{\overrightarrow {OB}}|}{|{\overrightarrow {BE}}|}}{\overrightarrow {AE}}}
| A O → | | A D → | A D → = | O E → | | B E → | A B → + | O B → | | B E → | ⋅ | A E → | | A C → | A C → {\displaystyle {\frac {|{\overrightarrow {AO}}|}{|{\overrightarrow {AD}}|}}{\overrightarrow {AD}}={\frac {|{\overrightarrow {OE}}|}{|{\overrightarrow {BE}}|}}{\overrightarrow {AB}}+{\frac {|{\overrightarrow {OB}}|}{|{\overrightarrow {BE}}|}}\cdot {\frac {|{\overrightarrow {AE}}|}{|{\overrightarrow {AC}}|}}{\overrightarrow {AC}}}
考虑向量AD、AB、AC,又有 A D → = | C D → | | B C → | A B → + | B D → | | B C → | A C → {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {AD}}={\frac {|{\overrightarrow {CD}}|}{|{\overrightarrow {BC}}|}}{\overrightarrow {AB}}+{\frac {|{\overrightarrow {BD}}|}{|{\overrightarrow {BC}}|}}{\overrightarrow {AC}}}
| A O → | | A D → | ⋅ | C D → | | B C → | = | O E → | | B E → | {\displaystyle {\frac {|{\overrightarrow {AO}}|}{|{\overrightarrow {AD}}|}}\cdot {\frac {|{\overrightarrow {CD}}|}{|{\overrightarrow {BC}}|}}={\frac {|{\overrightarrow {OE}}|}{|{\overrightarrow {BE}}|}}}
| A O → | | A D → | ⋅ | B D → | | B C → | = | O B → | | B E → | ⋅ | A E → | | A C → | {\displaystyle {\frac {|{\overrightarrow {AO}}|}{|{\overrightarrow {AD}}|}}\cdot {\frac {|{\overrightarrow {BD}}|}{|{\overrightarrow {BC}}|}}={\frac {|{\overrightarrow {OB}}|}{|{\overrightarrow {BE}}|}}\cdot {\frac {|{\overrightarrow {AE}}|}{|{\overrightarrow {AC}}|}}}
| A O → | | A D → | = | O E → | | B E → | + | O B → | | B E → | ⋅ | A E → | | A C → | {\displaystyle {\frac {|{\overrightarrow {AO}}|}{|{\overrightarrow {AD}}|}}={\frac {|{\overrightarrow {OE}}|}{|{\overrightarrow {BE}}|}}+{\frac {|{\overrightarrow {OB}}|}{|{\overrightarrow {BE}}|}}\cdot {\frac {|{\overrightarrow {AE}}|}{|{\overrightarrow {AC}}|}}} [3]