僵尸审判

《教宗福慕与斯德望六世》，让-保罗·洛朗，1870年作

僵尸审判，亦称“僵尸会议”（拉丁语：Synodus Horrenda）是西元897年1月在拉特朗圣若望大殿举行的一场对已故罗马天主教教宗福慕（Formosus）遗体的宗教会议。审判由福慕的继任者斯德望六世主持。斯德望六世指控福慕犯有伪证罪，将其遗体挖出，著上教宗法袍，并加以审讯，在审判结束之后，斯德望宣告福慕的当选为非法，剥夺其教宗身份，撤销他所发布的通谕、教令，并砍掉他曾用以主持圣礼的手指，将其遗体投入墓穴，后又投入台伯河。僵尸审判作为中世纪教廷最为骇人听闻的片段之一而载入史册。

延伸阅读

• Cummins, Joseph. 2006. History's great untold stories. pp. 10–19.
• Girolamo Arnaldi, "Papa Formoso e gli imperatori della casa di Spoleto", Annali della facoltà di lettere e filosofia di Napoli 1 (1951), discusses the political circumstances of the synod, and argues that Stephen VI may have convened it at the impetus of Guido IV.
• Robert Browning's lengthy poem, The Ring and the Book, devotes 134 lines to the Cadaver Synod, in the chapter called The Pope.
• Joseph Duhr, "La concile de Ravenne in 898: la réhabilitation du pape Formose", Recherches de science religieuse 22 (1932), pp. 541ff, discusses Ravenna council acta of 898, an important source and political circumstances; argues Lambert could not have been its architect
• Ernst Ludwig Dümmler, Auxilius und Vulgarius (Leipzig, 1866), edits the works of two tenth-century Italian clerics who provide important evidence for the synod, its circumstances and aftermath. Also includes an important historical discussion of the synod in his introduction.
• Peter Llewellyn, Rome in the Dark Ages (London, 1970), narrates the history of Rome at the end of the ninth and the beginning of the tenth centuries. Llewellyn discusses both Formosus and the Cadaver Synod.
• William S. Monroe, "The Cadaver Synod and the End of the Carolingian Empire", Paper given at the Medieval Academy of America Annual Meeting on 27 February 2016
• Michael Edward Moore, "The Attack on Pope Formosus Papal History in an Age of Resentment (875-897)", Ecclesia et Violentia: Violence Against the Church and Violence Within the Church, eds. Michael E. Moore, Jacek Maciejewski and Radoslav Kotecki (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014)
• Démètre Pop, La défense du pape Formose (Paris, 1933), analyzes posthumous defense of Formosus put forth by Auxilius and Vulgarius
• The Complete Works of Liudprand of Cremona, trans. By Paolo Squatriti (Catholic University Press of America, 2007)
• Donald E. Wilkes Jr, The Cadaver Synod: The Strangest Trial in History （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (2001).
• Frédéric Cathala, Le Synode du Cadavre, Les Indes Savantes, 2012.
• The play Infallibility, which premiered at the 2013 New York International Fringe Festival, features the Cadaver Synod.