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运动，为动作随时间改变的过程。本列表列出的是有关运动的解剖学术语，包含器官、关节、四肢，和身体其他特殊构造的动作。在解剖学中，这些术语用于描述相对于标准解剖姿势的动作。解剖学家通常使用较为统一的术语来描述大部分的动作，例如手臂和腿都能进行“屈曲”与“伸展”的动作。但仍有其他特殊名词来描述较为特殊的动作，例如手、足，及眼睛的动作。


一般来说，运动的分类是借由相对于解剖平面（英语：anatomical plane）的动作来描述。有关角运动的名词包含“屈曲”与“伸展”，用以描述两关节轴间角度的相对变化。旋转运动则出现于一些特定关节，例如肩关节。这类动作则常以“内”和“外”来形容。其他术语还包含相对于水平面的“升”和“降”等等。在西方医学名词中，大多数的术语都源自于拉丁文。


分类

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运动可按照其相对于解剖平面（英语：anatomical plane）的位置改变进行分类[1]，虽然实际上的运动时常同时涉及数个平面的相对运动[2]。以下列出的是以关节的特性进行分类：

  • 滑移（Gliding）是描述两平面关节间相互错动的动作，例如椎间盘，或是掌骨及腕骨之间的动作[1]。
  • 角运动（Angular motions）发生于滑液关节，描述关节两侧轴间的角度变化[1]。
  • 旋转运动（Rotational motions）是描述一个相对于一个轴进行自转的动作，例如转头[3]。

除了关节特性之外，运动还能以其他特性进行分类：

  • 线运动（Linear motions） ，或称平移（translatory motions）是描述两点之间的相对运动。其中又可按其运动路径分为直线运动（rectilinear motion）和曲线运动（curvilinear motion）[2]。
  • 角运动（Angular motions） ，或称旋转，是当两相邻构造间产生角度变化的动作，意即两构造间在同一运动中产生不同的位移，例如膝关节的运动[2]。

有关动作的学问和研究称为肌动学（英语：kinesiology）[4]。

非正常运动

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关节有一定的可以活动的范围及承受极限，称为关节可动域（英语：range of motion）[5]。若运动超越关节可动域，则会在运动名词前加上“过度”两字，英文则会加上字首“hyper-”，例如过度伸展（hyperextention）。过度伸展的意思是韧带的使用超过其适当的运动范围，可能来自于运动伤害或是意外，也有可能是医疗上手术的必须程序，让关节暂时脱臼[6]。

一般运动

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本章节列出的是身体的一般运动，可描述大部分的动作。由于运动通常是双向的，因此下列名词皆成对出现[7]。

屈曲与伸展

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参见：人体伸肌列表和人体屈肌列表


屈曲（Flexion）与伸展（Extention）是描述身体两毗邻部位产生角度变化的用语，英文皆来自于拉丁语。[a]

屈曲，是描述两毗邻肢体角度减少的动作[9]。举例来说，握拳会导致腕关节的屈曲，蹲下则会造成膝关节屈曲。如果一个关节可以进行前后运动，如颈部和躯干，屈曲指的是向前方的动作[10]，如肩关节及髋关节的屈曲，指的分别就是上臂及大腿向前的运动[11]。

伸展（英语：List of extensors of the human body）则正与屈曲相反，描述的是两毗邻部位角度减少的运动[12]。若描述可以进行前后运动的关节，则表示向后方运动的动作[10]。例如起立时，膝关节进行的即是伸展的动作；肩关节及髋关节的伸展，指的分别是上臂及大腿向后的运动[11]。颈部的伸展即为仰头的动作，躯干的伸展即是后仰的动作[10]。

内收及外展

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参见：人体内收肌列表和人体外展肌列表

Abduction and adduction refer to motions that move a structure away from or towards the centre of the body.[13] The centre of the body is defined as the midsagittal plane.[3] These terms come from the Latin words with the same meaning.[b]

Abduction refers to a motion that pulls a structure or part away from the midline of the body. In the case of fingers and toes, it refers to spreading the digits apart, away from the centerline of the hand or foot. Abduction of the wrist is also called radial deviation.[13] For example, raising the arms up, such as when tightrope-walking, is an example of abduction at the shoulder.[11] When the legs are splayed at the hip, such as when doing a star jump or doing a split, the legs are abducted at the hip.[3]

Adduction refers to a motion that pulls a structure or part toward the midline of the body, or towards the midline of a limb. In the case of fingers and toes, it refers to bringing the digits together, towards the centerline of the hand or foot. Adduction of the wrist is also called ulnar deviation. For example, dropping the arms to the sides, or bringing the knees together, are examples of adduction.[13]

Elevation and depression

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参见：List of elevators of the human body和List of depressors of the human body

The terms elevation and depression refer to movement above and below the horizontal. They derive from the Latin terms with the same meaning[c]

Elevation refers to movement in a superior direction.[16] For example, shrugging is an example of elevation of the scapula. [17]

Depression refers to movement in an inferior direction, the opposite of elevation.[18]

Rotation

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参见：List of internal rotators of the human body和List of external rotators of the human body

Rotation of body parts is referred to as internal or external, referring to rotation towards or away from the center of the body.[19]

Internal rotation (or medial rotation) refers to rotation towards the axis of the body.[19]

External rotation (or lateral rotation) refers to rotation away from the center of the body.[19]

  • The lotus posture of yoga, demonstrating external rotation of the leg at the hip.
    The lotus posture of yoga, demonstrating external rotation of the leg at the hip.
  • Rotating the arm away from the body is external rotation.
    Rotating the arm away from the body is external rotation.
  • Rotating the arm closer to the body is internal rotation.
    Rotating the arm closer to the body is internal rotation.

其他

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  • Anterograde and Retrograde flow, refers to movement of blood or other fluids in a normal (anterograde) or abnormal (retrograde) direction.[20]
  • Circumduction refers to a conical movement of a body part, such as a ball-and-socket joint or the eye. Circumduction is a combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction. Circumduction can be best performed at ball and socket joints, such as the hip and shoulder, but may also be performed by other parts of the body such as fingers, hands, feet, and head.[21] For example, circumduction occurs when spinning the arm when performing a serve in tennis or bowling a cricket ball. [22]
  • Reduction refers to a motion returning a bone to its original state,[23] such as a shoulder reduction following shoulder dislocation, or reduction of a hernia.
  • The swinging action made during a tennis serve is an example of circumduction
    The swinging action made during a tennis serve is an example of circumduction

Special motion

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Special motions of the hands and feet

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Flexion and extension of the foot

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Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion refers to extension or flexion of the foot at the ankle. These terms refer to flexion between the foot and the body's dorsal surface, considered the front of the leg, and flexion between the foot and the body's plantar surface, considered the back of the leg.[24] These terms are used to resolve confusion, as technically extension of the joint refers to dorsiflexion, which could be considered counter-intuitive as the motion reduces the angle between the foot and the leg. [25]

Dorsiflexion where the toes are brought closer to the shin. This decreases the angle between the dorsum of the foot and the leg.[26] For example, when walking on the heels the ankle is described as dorsiflexion.[25]

Plantar flexion is the movement which decreases the angle between the sole of the foot and the back of the leg. For example, the movement when depressing a car pedal or standing on the tiptoes can be described as plantar flexion.[25]

  • A ballerina, demonstrating plantar flexion of the feet.
    A ballerina, demonstrating plantar flexion of the feet.
  • Dorsi and plantar flexion of the foot.
    Dorsi and plantar flexion of the foot.

Flexion and extension of the hand

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Palmarflexion and dorsiflexion refer to movement of the flexion (palmarflexion) or extension (dorsiflexion) of the hand at the wrist.[27] These terms refer to flexion between the hand and the body's dorsal surface, which is the back of the arm, and flexion between the hand and the body's plantar surface, which in anatomical position is considered the anterior side of the arm.[28] The direction of terms are opposite to those in the foot because of embryological rotation of the limbs in opposite directions.[10]

Palmarflexion refers to decreasing the angle between the palm and the anterior forearm.[27]

Dorsiflexion refers to extension at the wrist joint. This brings the hand closer to the dorsum of the body.[27]

Pronation and supination

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参见：Pronation of the foot

Pronation and supination refer to rotation of the forearm or foot so that in the anatomical position the palm or sole is facing anteriorly (supination) or posteriorly (pronation).[29]

Pronation at the forearm is a rotational movement where the hand and upper arm are turned inwards. Pronation of the foot refers to turning of the foot outwards, so that weight is borne on the medial part of the foot.[30]

Supination of the forearm occurs when the forearm or palm are rotated outwards. Supination of the foot refers to turning of the sole of the foot inwards.[31]

  • Supination and pronation of the foot
    Supination and pronation of the foot
  • Supination and pronation of the arm
    Supination and pronation of the arm

Inversion and eversion

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Inversion and eversion refer to movements that tilt the sole of the foot away from (eversion) or towards (inversion) the midline of the body.[32]

Eversion is the movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane.[33] Inversion is the movement of the sole towards the median plane. For example, inversion describes the motion when an ankle is twisted.[26]

  • Example showing inversion and eversion of the foot
    Example showing inversion and eversion of the foot
  • Eversion of the right foot
    Eversion of the right foot
  • Inversion of the right foot
    Inversion of the right foot

Special motions of the eyes

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主条目：Eye movement § Terminology

Unique terminology is also used to describe the eye. For example:

  • A version is an eye movement involving both eyes moving synchronously and symmetrically in the same direction.[34]
  • Torsion refers to eye movement that affects the vertical axis of the eye,[35] such as the movement made when looking in to the nose.

Special motions of the jaw and teeth

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  • Examples showing protrusion and retrusion.
    Examples showing protrusion and retrusion.
  • Elevation and depression of the jaw.
    Elevation and depression of the jaw.

其他

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其他术语包括：

  • 屈垂（nutation[d]）及反屈垂（counternutation）：描述的是荐骨的运动。若荐骨的荐骨岬向下且向前运动则称为屈垂，若相反则称为反屈垂[39]。
  • 对掌（Opposition）是指拇指和其他同支手上的其他指头相互捏起的动作[40]。
  • 前引（Protraction）和 回缩（Retraction）分别指的是进行向前或向后的动作[41]，例如上臂向前伸，对于肩关节来说即为前引，反之则称为回缩。此类名词虽然被批评描述上不够精确，但仍有人使用[42]。
  • Reciprocal motion refers to alternating motions in opposing directions. [43]
  • Reposition refers to restoring an object to its natural condition.[44]
  • 屈垂（左），反屈垂（右）
    屈垂（左），反屈垂（右）
  • 对掌
    对掌
  • 对掌，拇指和食指相接。
    对掌，拇指和食指相接。

注释

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  1. ^ 屈曲的英文“Flexion”来自拉丁文“拉丁语：extendere”，而伸展的英文“Extention”则来自拉丁文“拉丁语：flectere”。[8]
  2. ^ "to bring in" (拉丁语：adductere), "to lead away" 拉丁语：abducere[14]
  3. ^ "press down" (拉丁语：deprimere), "to raise" (拉丁语：elevare)[15]
  4. ^ “点头”(拉丁语：Nutare[38]

参考文献

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Marieb 2010，第212页.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Lippert 2011，第6-7页.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Kendall 2005，第57页.
  4. ^ Lippert 2011，第1-7页.
  5. ^ Kendall 2005，第G-4页.
  6. ^ Seeley 1998，第229页.
  7. ^ Anatomy & Physiology. Openstax college at Connexions. [November 16, 2013]. 
  8. ^ OED 1989，"flexion", "extension".
  9. ^ OED 1989，"flexion".
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Kendall 2005，第56页.
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Cook 2012，第180-193页.
  12. ^ OED 1989，"extension".
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Swartz 2010，第590–591页.
  14. ^ OED 1989，"adduction", "abduction", "abduct".
  15. ^ OED 1989.
  16. ^ OED 1989，"elevation".
  17. ^ Kendall 2005，第303页.
  18. ^ OED 1989，"depression".
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Swartz 2010，第590-1页.
  20. ^ OED 1989，"anterograde", "retrograde".
  21. ^ Saladin 2010，第300页.
  22. ^ Kendall 2005，第304页.
  23. ^ Taber 2001，"reduction".
  24. ^ OED 1989，"plantar flexion", "dorsiflexion".
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Kendall 2005，第371页.
  26. ^ 26.0 26.1 Kyung 2005，第123页.
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Swartz 2010，第591-593页.
  28. ^ OED 1989，"plantarflexion", "dorsiflexion".
  29. ^ Swartz 2010，第591–592页.
  30. ^ OED 1989，"pronation".
  31. ^ OED 1989，"supination".
  32. ^ Swartz 2010，第591页.
  33. ^ Kyung 2005，第108页.
  34. ^ DMD 2012，"version".
  35. ^ Taber 2001，"torsion".
  36. ^ Taber 2001，"occlusion".
  37. ^ Taber 2001，"protrusion", "retrusion".
  38. ^ OED 1989，"nutation".
  39. ^ Houglum 2012，第333页.
  40. ^ Taber 2001，"opposition".
  41. ^ OED 1989，"protraction", "retraction".
  42. ^ Kendall 2005，第302页.
  43. ^ Taber 2001，"reciprocation".
  44. ^ OED 1989，"resposition".

来源

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  • Albert, Daniel. Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary. 32nd. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. 2012. ISBN 978-1416062578. 
  • Chung, Kyung Won. Gross Anatomy (Board Review). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2005. ISBN 0-7817-5309-0. 
  • Cook, Chad E. Orthopedic Manual Therapy: An Evidence Based Approach 2nd. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. 2012. ISBN 978-0-13-802173-3. 
  • Houglum, Peggy A.; Bertoli, Dolores B. Brunnstrom's Clinical Kinesiology. F. A. Davis Company. 2012. ISBN 978-0-8036-2352-1. 
  • Kendall, Florence Peterson; [et al.]; et al. Muscles : testing and function with posture and pain 5th. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2005. ISBN 0-7817-4780-5. 
  • Lippert, Lynn S. Clinical Kinesiology and Anatomy 5th. F. A. Davis Company. 2011. ISBN 978-0-8036-2363-7. 
  • Marieb, Elaine N.; Wilhelm, Patricia B.; Mallat, Jon. Human Anatomy. Pearson. 2010. ISBN 978-0-321-61611-1. 
  • Saladin, Kenneth S. Anatomy & Physiology The Unity of Form and Function 5th. McGraw Hill. 2010. 
  • Seeley, Rod R.; Stephens, Trent D.; Tate, Philip. Anatomy & Physiology 4th. WCB/McGraw-Hill. 1998. ISBN 0-697-41107-9. 
  • Simpson, John A.; Weiner, Edmung. The Oxford English Dictionary.. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1989. ISBN 9780198611868. 
  • Swartz, Mark H. Textbook of Physical Diagnosis: History and Examination 6th. Saunders/Elsevier. 2010. ISBN 978-1-4160-6203-5. 
  • Venes, Donald (Editor); Thomas, Clayton L. (Editor); Egan, Elizabeth J. (Managing Editor); Morelli, Nancee A. (Assistant Editor); Nell, Alison D. (Assistant Editor); Matkowski, Joy. Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary illustrated in full color 19th. Philadelphia: F.A.Davis Co. 2001. ISBN 0-8036-0655-9. 

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