短尾鳐

短尾鳐
保护状况
	; 近危（IUCN 3.1）
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	软骨鱼纲 Chondrichthyes
目：	鳐目 Rajiformes
科：	鳐科 Rajidae
属：	鳐属 Raja
种：	短尾鳐 R. brachyura
二名法
	Raja brachyura; Lafont, 1871
异名
	Raia blanda Holt, 1894; Raia brachyura Lafont, 1871; Raja blanda Holt, 1894;

短尾鳐为鳐科鳐属的鱼类，分布于北至设德兰群岛和北海、南至毛里塔尼亚领海与马德拉群岛的大西洋水域^[3]、地中海和爱琴海，而在黑海是否有分布则尚不清楚^[4]^[3]

外貌描述

同其他鳐鱼一样，短尾鳐身体扁平，胸鳍为翅膀形状，外貌类似于风筝。其尾巴比其他鳐鱼要短，体长为40cm-120cm^[5]。值得注意的是，该鱼的身体上部上有数量众多的黑色斑点，在边缘的斑点较小且模糊，这是它关键的鉴别特征。^[6]^[5]。

生活习性

短尾鳐主要栖息在10-300m水深的沙质海底上，在北大西洋地区也有可能栖息于更深的地方。同其他鳐鱼一样，该鳐鱼的主要食物为底栖的小型鱼类、甲壳类和软体动物，其猎物体型亦会随年龄增长而增大。例如，年幼个体一般会捕食小型的甲壳类，而成年个体猎物主要包括龙虾和海鳗^[8]。

同其他鳐鱼一样，短尾鳐为卵胎生物种，在2-11月产下幼鱼，一般会将幼鱼产在沿岸的浅水中，孕期为7个月^[3]，一年最多可产出30条幼鱼。幼鱼在孵化前完全由卵黄提供营养。人类对其生殖的其余信息所知甚少。^[5]^[1]

物种现状

由于短尾鳐为底栖鱼类，其常常作为副渔获物被拖网捕获并作为食用鱼出售，同时也是受欢迎的海钓鱼品种，而希腊和摩洛哥则有捕捞该鱼作为装饰品的习俗。^[9]^[10]在葡萄牙沿海，44%的商业捕鱼船在抵达码头时都会捕获至少一条短尾鳐^[11]。在近几十年，许多地中海国家对大陆架和海底斜坡的拖网打捞技术愈发发达^[12]，导致该鱼数量显著减少^[11]，有统计指出目前平均需要超过330次撒网才能在地中海捕获一条短尾鳐^[4]。在地中海之外，爱尔兰等国家也出现了该物种种群的衰退^[8]。

文献索引

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Ellis, J.; Ungaro, N.; Serena, F.; Dulvy, N.K.; Tinti, F.; Bertozzi, M.; Pasolini, P.; Mancusi, C.; Noarbartolo di Sciara, G. Raja brachyura. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009, 2009: e.T161691A5481210 [20 November 2021]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T161691A5481210.en .
^ Raja brachyura. WoRMS. [26 June 2021].
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 "Raja brachyura". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Baino, R., Serena, F., Ragonese, S., Rey, J. and Rinelli, P. 2001. Catch composition and abundance of Elasmobranchs based on the MEDITS program. Rapp. Comm. int. Mer Mèdit 36: 234.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 MarLIN – The Marine Life Information Network – Blonde ray (Raja brachyura). www.marlin.ac.uk. [2022-08-13]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-13）.
^ Serena, Fabrizio (26 June 2005). Field Identification Guide to the Sharks and Rays of the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Food & Agriculture Org. ISBN 9789251052914 – via Google Books.
^ Lafont, A. Raja brachyura. shark-references.com. 1873 [26 June 2021].
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 Ellis, J.R., Dulvy, N.K., Jennings, S., Parker-Humphreys, M. and Rogers, S.I. 2005. Assessing the status of demersal elasmobranchs in UK waters: A review. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85: 1025-1047.
^ Bauchot, M.L. 1987. Raies at autres batoidés. In: M. Fisher, M. Schneider and M.-L. Bauchot (eds), Fiches FAO d'Identification des Espècs pour les Besoins de la Peche. Méditerranée et Mer Noire. Zone de Peche 37. Revision 1. II, pp. 847-885. FAO, Rome.
^ Holden, M.J. 1973. Are long-term sustainable fisheries for elasmobranchs possible? Rapports et Procès-Verbaux de Rèunions du Conseil International pour l?Exploration de la Mer.
^ ^11.0 ^11.1 Machado, P.B., Gordo, L.S. and Figuiredo, I. 2004. Skate and rays species composition in mainland Portugal from the commercial landings. Aquatic Living Resources 17: 231-234.
^ Colloca, F., Cardinale, M., Belluscio, A. and Ardizzone, G. 2003. Pattern of distribution and diversity of demersal assemblages of the central Mediterranean Sea. Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science 56: 469-480.

[iucn-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Ellis, J.; Ungaro, N.; Serena, F.; Dulvy, N.K.; Tinti, F.; Bertozzi, M.; Pasolini, P.; Mancusi, C.; Noarbartolo di Sciara, G. Raja brachyura. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009, 2009: e.T161691A5481210 [20 November 2021]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T161691A5481210.en .

[2] Raja brachyura. WoRMS. [26 June 2021].

[worms-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 "Raja brachyura". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 26 June 2021.

[baino-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Baino, R., Serena, F., Ragonese, S., Rey, J. and Rinelli, P. 2001. Catch composition and abundance of Elasmobranchs based on the MEDITS program. Rapp. Comm. int. Mer Mèdit 36: 234.

[malin-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 MarLIN – The Marine Life Information Network – Blonde ray (Raja brachyura). www.marlin.ac.uk. [2022-08-13]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-13）.

[serena-6] Serena, Fabrizio (26 June 2005). Field Identification Guide to the Sharks and Rays of the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Food & Agriculture Org. ISBN 9789251052914 – via Google Books.

[7] Lafont, A. Raja brachyura. shark-references.com. 1873 [26 June 2021].

[Els-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Ellis, J.R., Dulvy, N.K., Jennings, S., Parker-Humphreys, M. and Rogers, S.I. 2005. Assessing the status of demersal elasmobranchs in UK waters: A review. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85: 1025-1047.

[9] Bauchot, M.L. 1987. Raies at autres batoidés. In: M. Fisher, M. Schneider and M.-L. Bauchot (eds), Fiches FAO d'Identification des Espècs pour les Besoins de la Peche. Méditerranée et Mer Noire. Zone de Peche 37. Revision 1. II, pp. 847-885. FAO, Rome.

[10] Holden, M.J. 1973. Are long-term sustainable fisheries for elasmobranchs possible? Rapports et Procès-Verbaux de Rèunions du Conseil International pour l?Exploration de la Mer.

[Machado-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Machado, P.B., Gordo, L.S. and Figuiredo, I. 2004. Skate and rays species composition in mainland Portugal from the commercial landings. Aquatic Living Resources 17: 231-234.

[12] Colloca, F., Cardinale, M., Belluscio, A. and Ardizzone, G. 2003. Pattern of distribution and diversity of demersal assemblages of the central Mediterranean Sea. Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science 56: 469-480.

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