宫娥 (委拉斯开兹)
外观
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宫娥 | |
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艺术家 | 委拉斯开兹 |
年份 | 1656年 |
类型 | 布面油画 |
收藏地 | 马德里普拉多博物馆 |
《宫娥》(西班牙语:Las Meninas),是西班牙黄金时代画家委拉斯开兹在1656年创作的一幅画作,现收藏于马德里的普拉多博物馆。此作品带有复杂且难解的构图,引起了关于实景与虚景的难题;并建构了观察者与画中人物间的不稳定关系。由于这些复杂性,《宫娥》是西方绘画中经历最多分析与研究的作品之一。
《宫娥》长期以来是西洋美术史上的重要作品,巴洛克时期画家卢卡·焦尔达诺曾说此作品表现了“绘画的神学”;19世纪的画家托马斯·劳伦斯则称其为“艺术的哲学”;此外,《宫娥》也曾被描述成“委拉斯开兹的最高成就[1]。”
描述
[编辑]《宫娥》描绘的大房间位于国王西班牙菲利普四世的马德里王宫内,画中所描绘之人物为西班牙宫廷内成员,画面的撷取方式有如快照摄影[2]。部分人物面向观画者,有些则正在与其他人物互动。在画面中心,宫娥、护卫、一名侏儒与一只狗所环绕的小女孩是玛加丽塔·特蕾莎,腓力四世之女。在这些人的后方,则是面向观画者的画家委拉斯开兹[3]。背景中悬吊的镜子反映出国王与玛丽亚纳王后的上半身,他们处在画作所描绘的空间之外,相当于观画者的位置。有些学者指出,若依此镜像来推测,画中的委拉斯开兹正在描绘的就是国王与王后。
这幅作品光暗分明,灰中含仔细。镜中的国王、王后,以及门口的人,造成前后申延。可见固定视点,但可申延。画家戴上十字架在身,是他死后,后人为其加上去的。
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Honour and Fleming (1982), p. 447.
- ^ In 1855, William Stirling wrote in Velázquez and his works: "Velázquez seems to have anticipated the discovery of Daguerre and, taking a real room and real people grouped together by chance, to have fixed them, as it were, by magic, for all time, on canvas". López-Rey (1999), Vol. I, p. 211.
- ^ Millner Kahr, Madlyn. "Velazquez and Las Meninas (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)". The Art Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 2, June 1975, p. 225.
相关著作
[编辑]- Alpers, Svetlana. The Vexations of art: Velázquez and others. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-300-10825-7
- Brady, Xavier. Velázquez and Britain. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. ISBN 1-8570-0303-8
- Brooke, Xanthe and Suzanne Stratton-Pruitt, eds. "A masterpiece in waiting: the response to 'Las Meninas' in nineteenth century Britain". Masterpieces of western art: Velazquez's 'Las Meninas'. London: Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 47–49. ISBN 0-521-80488-4
- Carr, Dawson W. "Painting and reality: the art and life of Velázquez". Velázquez. Eds. Dawson W. Carr and Xavier Bray. National Gallery London, 2006. ISBN 1-85709-303-8
- Clark, Kenneth. Looking at pictures. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston, 1960.
- Foucault, Michel. The order of things: an archaeology of the human sciences. 1966. Paris: Gallimard, 1996. ISBN 0-679-75335-4
- Gaggi, Silvio. Modern/postmodern: a study in twentieth-century arts and Ideas. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1989. ISBN 0-8122-1384-X
- Held, Jutta and Alex Potts. "How Do the Political Effects of Pictures Come about? The Case of Picasso's 'Guernica'". Oxford Art Journal 11.1 (1988): 33–39.
- Honour, Hugh and John Fleming. A world history of art. London: Macmillan, 1982. ISBN 1-85669-451-8
- Janson, H. W. History of art: a survey of the major visual arts from the dawn of history to the present day. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1977.
- Kahr, Madlyn Millner. "Velazquez and Las Meninas(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)". The Art Bulletin 57(2) (June 1975): 225.
- López-Rey, José. Velázquez: Catalogue Raisonné. Taschen, 1999. ISBN 3-8228-8277-1
- MacLaren, Neil. The Spanish School, National Gallery Catalogues. Rev. Allan Braham. National Gallery, London, 1970. ISBN 0-947645-46-2
- Miller, Jonathan. On reflection. London: National Gallery Publications Limited, 1998. ISBN 0-300-07713-0
- Museo del Prado. Museo del Prado, Catálogo de las pinturas. Madrid: Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Madrid, 1996. ISBN 84-7483-410-4
- Russell, John. "Masterpieces caught between two wars(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)". New York Times, 3 September 1989. Retrieved 15 December 2007.
- Searle, John R. "Las Meninas and the paradoxes of pictorial representation". Critical Inquiry 6 (Spring 1980).
- Snyder, Joel and Ted Cohen. "Reflexions on Las Meninas: paradox lost". Critical Inquiry 6 (Spring 1980).
- Stone, Harriet. The classical model: literature and knowledge in seventeenth-century France. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-8014-3212-X
- Stratton-Pruitt, Suzanne, ed. Velazquez's 'Las Meninas'. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-521-80488-4
- White, Jon Manchip. Diego Velazquez: painter and courtier. London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd, 1969. ISBN 0-241-01624-X
外部链接
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维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源:Las Meninas
- Joel-Peter Witkin "Las Meninas (Self Portrait)"
- Museo Picasso "Las Meninas"
- Velázquez - La Kabala y Las Meninas(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (西班牙文)
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