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抢购是指消费者在可预期的灾难前、灾难发生后、在可预见的价格上升及商品短缺前，异常地购买大量的商品之行为。
在公共卫生危机时发生的抢购行为，受下述情绪及因素所影响的：其一，个人因公共卫生危机而感威胁和商品短缺；其二，因情绪压力及不稳定性，而对未知事物所产生的恐惧；其三，因视抢购为缓解焦虑及重新控制危机，而所作出的因应行为；其四，因个人在社交网络受到的影响而出现的社会心理因素[1]。
抢购也是一种羊群效应[2]，而这对消费者行为理论较为重要的。广义上的经济学的研究会对如何解释一些群体行为进行探讨，例如是潮流、股市走势、盲抢、团积及挤提[3]。
抢购也会导致真正的短缺问题，而不管短缺的风险是否真实存在还是凭感觉的，而后一种情况是自我实现的例子[4]。
事件例子
[编辑]在下列事件的前后及期间，出现了抢购情况。
- 第一次世界大战[5] 及第二次世界大战[6]
- 1919年的西班牙流感疫情ㄧ 导致从医生及药剂师的诊所中抢购奎宁和其他治疗流感用药物[7]。另外，当年维克斯薄荷膏（Vicks VapoRub）的销售额由90万元上升至290万元[8]。
- 在1922年于奥地利第一共和国时，因奥地利克朗的恶性通货膨胀及快速折旧，造成了抢购及食物滞销，这情况持续至国际联盟进行救助为止，而其行动阻止了经验崩溃[9]。
- 1943年孟加拉饥灾[10]
- 1962年的古巴导弹危机，造成了美国发生抢购罐头食品的指况[11]。
- 1973年于美国发生的厕所纸恐慌[12]。
- 1979年因日本而起的石油危机[13]。
- 1985年新可口可乐的出现，造成了新可口可乐的抢购潮[14][15]。
- 千年虫问题，造成抢购食物的情况发生[16][17]。
- 在2001年911袭击过后，于环球商品市场出现了抢购金属、黄金及石油之情况[18]。
- 在2003年1月至2月严重急性呼吸系统综合症疫情期间，于广东省及邻近地区（如香港及海南岛）出现了数次抢购商品（例如是盐、米、醋、植物油、抗细菌药、口罩、中医药材）[19]。
- 在2000年和2005年时于英国发生的石油示威[20][21]。
- 2005年时的吉林化工厂爆炸，造成了抢购食用水和食物的情况[22]。
- 2008年至2013年时，美国一些枪支拥有者因担忧时任总统奥巴马会加强枪械管制法律，故抢购弹药及造成短缺。[23][24]。
- 在2019年3月时委内瑞拉经济危机时，当地政府暂时地接管总部为阿拉瓜州的制纸公司的制造厕纸工厂，用来控制厕纸的“制造、销售及分销”，而几个月后，基本日用品（如厕纸）及食物（如米和食用油） 的库存短缺。人们指责此次短缺是因为计划不周的政策，例如是控制基本日用品的价格和严格管制外币所致的和囤积商品[25]。
- 2013年11月，委内瑞拉政府要求多间电子产品商店大幅减价，借此帮助执政党在期后的选举胜出。而委内瑞拉总统马杜罗在11月8日宣布对商店进行军事占领和称要让货架不留任何货品。[26] The announcement of lowered prices sparked looting in multiple cities across Venezuela.[27] By the end of the Dakazo, many Venezuelan stores were left empty of their goods.[26] A year later in November 2014, some stores still remained empty following the Dakazo.[26]
- 在2019年冠状病毒病疫情2月至3月期间，抢购已成在多国出现的主要现象，例如是抢购口罩、食物、樽装水、牛奶。厕纸等，使这些商品短缺。 The COVID-19 pandemic – panic buying became a major international phenomenon in February and March 2020, when stores around the world were depleted of items such as face masks, food, bottled water, milk, toilet paper,[28] hand sanitizer, rubbing alcohol, antibacterial wipes and painkillers.[29] As a result, many retailers rationed the sale of these items.[30] Online retailers eBay and Amazon have pulled certain items listed for sale by third parties such as toilet paper,[31] face masks, pasta, canned vegetables, hand sanitizer and antibacterial wipes over price gouging concerns.[32][33] As a result, Amazon restricted the sale of these items and others (such as thermometers and ventilators) to healthcare professionals and government agencies.[34]
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A pro-rationing poster from the United States in World War II showing the effects of panic buying goods -
Shoppers in Mexico City panic buying canned food during the 2009 flu pandemic -
Venezuelans grabbing for items during the Dakazo, an event of the crisis in Venezuela -
Shoppers in London panic buying canned food and toilet paper during the COVID-19 pandemic
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See also
[编辑]References
[编辑]- ^ Yuen, Kum Fai; Wang, Xueqin; Ma, Fei; Li, Kevin X. The Psychological Causes of Panic Buying Following a Health Crisis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 May 2020, 17 (10): 3513. doi:10.3390/ijerph17103513
.
- ^ Bruce Jones & David Steven, The New Politics of Strategic Resources: Energy and Food Security Challenges in the 21st Century (eds. David Steven, Emily O'Brien & Bruce D. Jone: Brookings Institution Press, 2015), p. 12.
- ^ William M. Strahle & E. H. Bonfield. Understanding Consumer Panic: a Sociological Perspective, Advances in Consumer Research, Volume 16, 1989, eds. Thomas K. Srull, Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, pp. 567–573.
- ^ Toxic leak threat to Chinese city. The Repository. 8 March 2020.
- ^
- Faris, Robert. Social Disorganization. The Ronald Press Company. 1948: 524.
- Hardach, Gerd. The First World War, 1914–1918. University of California Press. 1981: 198. ISBN 978-0-520-04397-8.
- Watters, Mary; Library, Illinois State Historical. Illinois in the Second World War: The production front. Illinois State Historical Library. 1952: 58.
- ^
- Spaull, Andrew David. Australian Education in the Second World War. University of Queensland Press. 1982: 100. ISBN 978-0-7022-1644-2.
- Jackson, Ashley. The British Empire and the Second World War. A&C Black. 2006: 505. ISBN 978-1-85285-417-1.
- Morgan, Philip. The Fall of Mussolini: Italy, the Italians, and the Second World War. OUP Oxford. 2008: 66. ISBN 978-0-19-157875-5.
- ^ Honigsbaum, Mark. Regulating the 1918–19 Pandemic: Flu, Stoicism and the Northcliffe Press. Medical History. 2013, 57 (2): 165–185. ISSN 0025-7273. doi:10.1017/mdh.2012.101 .
- ^ Burden, Lizzy. Is panic buying irrational? Here's why it can seem to make economic sense. The Telegraph. 20 March 2020 [7 April 2020].
- ^ Colin Storer, A Short History of the Weimar Republic (I.B. Tauris, 2013), p. 102-03.
- ^ Archibald Percival Wavell. Moon, Penderel , 编. Wavell: The Viceroy's Journal
. Oxford University Press. 1973: 34.
- ^ Alice L. George. Awaiting Armageddon: How Americans Faced the Cuban Missile Crisis. The University of North Carolina Press. 2003: 78. ISBN 0807828289.
- ^ Buder, Emily. The Great Toilet-Paper Shortage Scare – The Atlantic. www.theatlantic.com. 19 March 2020 [29 April 2020] （英语）.
- ^ Mamdouch G. Salameh, "Oil Crises, Historical Perspective" in Concise Encyclopedia of the History of Energy (ed. Cutler J. Cleveland: Elsevier, 2009), p. 196.
- ^ Taylor, Peter. The thirty-six stratagems: A modern-day interpretation of a strategy classic. Infinite Ideas. 2013: 50. ISBN 978-1-908474-97-1.
- ^ Roberts, Kevin. Lovemarks: the future beyond brands. powerHouse Books. 2005: 193. ISBN 978-1-57687-534-6.
- ^ Lohr, Steve. Technology and 2000 – Momentous Relief; Computers Prevail in First Hours of '00. New York Times. 1 January 2000.
- ^ The Millenium Bug threatens food supply systems – developing countries are also vulnerable, FAO warns. Food and Agriculture Organization. 19 April 1999.
- ^ Oil and gold prices spike. money.cnn.com. 11 September 2001.
- ^ Ding, Rhetoric of a Global Epidemic: Transcultural Communication about SARS (Southern Illinois University Press, 2014), pp. 70, 72, 83, 103, 111.
- ^ Collins, Nick. EU ban on traditional lightbulbs prompts panic buying. The Telegraph. 25 August 2009.
- ^ UK fuel blockades tumble. BBC News. 14 September 2000 [12 January 2008].
- ^ Toxic leak threat to Chinese city. BBC News. 23 November 2005.
- ^ Danielle Kurtzleben, Here's why the ammunition shortage went on for years, Vox (1 July 2014).
- ^ Stephanie Clifford, Shop Owners Report Rise in Firearm Sales as Buyers Fear Possible New Laws, New York Times (22 December 2012).
- ^ Brochetto, Marilia; Botelho, Greg. Facing shortages, Venezuela takes over toilet paper factory. CNN. 12 September 2013 [13 March 2020].
- ^ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Lezama Aranguren, Erick. La resaca del "dakazo", un año después. El Tiempo. 9 November 2014 [12 November 2014]. （原始内容存档于12 November 2014）.
- ^ Watch: Looting in Venezuela after government launches attack on ‘bourgeois parasites’. EuroNews. 12 November 2013 [12 November 2014].
- ^ What everyone's getting wrong about the toilet paper shortage Medium
- ^ Supermarkets report panic buying over coronavirus fears. Inside Retail. 2020-03-03 [2020-04-03].
- Sirletti, Sonia; Remondini, Chiara; Lepido, Daniele. Virus Outbreak Drives Italians to Panic-Buying of Masks and Food. Bloomberg. 24 February 2020 [29 February 2020].
- The economics of the toilet paper panic—and why more stockpiling is inevitable. Macleans. [13 March 2020].
- Virus panic buying prompts toilet paper rationing in Australia. CTVNews. 4 March 2020 [13 March 2020].
- Coles and Woolworths further limit toilet paper purchases as supply sells out in an hour. smh.com.au. Sydney Morning Herald. 8 March 2020 [11 March 2020].
- 'It's crazy': Panic buying forces stores to limit purchases of toilet paper and masks. CNN. [13 March 2020].
- ^ Gadher, Dipesh. Every ration helps in coronavirus crisis: Tesco puts one-item limit on essentials. The Sunday Times. 29 March 2020 [7 April 2020].
- ^ Halliday, Josh. eBay urged to clamp down on coronavirus profiteering. The Guardian. 16 March 2020 [7 April 2020].
- ^ Coronavirus price gouging: Amazon and eBay failing to tackle rip-off sellers, says Which?. Sky News. 25 March 2020 [7 April 2020].
- ^ Nicas, Jack. He Has 17,700 Bottles of Hand Sanitizer and Nowhere to Sell Them. The New York Times. 14 March 2020 [7 April 2020].
- ^ Palmer, Annie. Amazon blocks sale of N95 masks to the public, begins offering supplies to hospitals. CNBC. 2 April 2020 [7 April 2020].
