用户:新竹编辑者/雅多维尔围城战

雅多维尔围城战
	刚果危机的一部分
	雅多维尔新竹编辑者/雅多维尔围城战 (刚果民主共和国)
日期	1961年9月13日至17日
地点	卡坦加省雅多维尔市
结果	加丹加国胜利
参战方
加丹加国	联合国刚果行动爱尔兰; 瑞典; 印度;
指挥官与领导者
罗杰·福尔奎斯（英语：Roger Faulques）; 米歇尔·德·克莱里; 亨利·拉西莫内;	帕特·昆兰（英语：Pat Quinlan）; 诺埃尔·凯里;
兵力
约3,000名比利时，法国和罗德西亚雇佣军; 1架喷气教练机;	爱尔兰军:; 155–158 士兵; ; 增援:; 500名爱尔兰、印度和瑞典士兵;
伤亡与损失
300人阵亡; 1,000人受伤;	3人阵亡(皆为印度籍); 13人受伤; 158人被俘获; 1辆运送车辆; 1架直升机;

雅多维尔围城战是1961年9月的刚果危机期间的一场战役。爱尔兰联军第35特遣队A连被效忠于加丹加首相莫伊兹·冲伯的加丹加宪兵部队及外籍佣兵袭击。被围困在雅多维尔的爱尔兰士兵抵抗了五天，由于爱尔兰、印度和瑞典的救援部队未能成功增援，A连在弹药和物资用尽之后被迫投降，他们被关押为战俘约一个月，期间没有任何人死亡。

背景

雅多维尔的Shinkolobwe矿坑在1943年的曼哈顿计划情报中被描述为世界上迄今为止发现最重要的铀矿床，这里的铀矿被用来制造1945年在广岛和长崎投下的原子弹。

1961年9月13日，星期三，联合国军在卡坦加发动进攻，代号为摩梭行动（英语：United Nations Operation in the Congo#Operation Morthor），攻打自1960年7月从刚果-莱奥波德维尔（英语：Congo-Léopoldville）分离的卡坦加州的雇佣军。根据命令，联合国刚果行动在冲突中将保持严格公正，但是卡坦加领导人认为，联合国已经打破了规定，因为联军与他的敌人刚果中央政府站在一起。

卡坦加军首先对一个设在采矿小镇雅多维尔，被孤立的联合国军事单位发起了反击，这里距联合国主要基地伊丽莎白维尔^[8] 约100公里。这个由指挥官帕特·昆兰指挥的155名爱尔兰人的特遣队被派往该采矿镇，表面上是在协助保护其公民。不过比利时外交部长致电联合国秘书长，报告比利时定居者和当地居民没有受到保护，并担心他们的安全。但是当爱尔兰军队抵达雅多维尔时，由于当地人强烈的亲卡坦加与反联合国的情绪，他们不被当地人的欢迎。而在部队到来之前的几天里，前两个维和部队，瑞典和另一批爱尔兰部队，正从雅多维尔撤出。目前还不清楚为什么卡坦加军想孤立爱尔兰的联合国部队，尽管一些评论员推断目标可能是将爱尔兰人作为囚犯，以便在与联合国的谈判中发挥作用^[9]。

战斗

1961年9月13日上午07:40，卡坦加人发动攻击，当时爱尔兰部队里许多人正在参加弥撒，最初的攻击希望期望能使这些人措手不及，但被哨兵发现。二等兵比利·雷迪（Billy Ready）开了一枪警告所有人^[10] 。随后进行了五天的战斗。

一群来自比利时，法国和罗德西亚的雇佣军袭击了爱尔兰军，进攻方的人数为3,000至5,000人，配有轻型和重型武器，还获得了有机翼炸弹和机枪的富加教师教练机的空中支援。而爱尔兰士兵仅有手持轻型个人武器，几挺维克斯机枪和60毫米迫击炮。几天后，被围困的爱尔兰人向他们的总部广播：“给我们一些威士忌，我们将可以坚持到最后一颗子弹用完。”^[8]

卡坦加人发动约600波左右的攻击，加上81毫米迫击炮和M1897式75mm野战炮的轰炸。不过爱尔兰军成功地防御了接连不断的攻击，并用60毫米迫击炮精确的击毁了对方大部分的迫击炮和炮兵阵地。经过四天的反复攻击，爱尔兰军用迫击炮和机枪连续数小时对对方的迫击炮和机枪进行准确有效的射击，雇佣军军官必须向当地民兵开枪，以阻止防线的溃败^[11]。随后卡坦加人要求昆兰停火，因为他们的部队已经严重减少到2,000人，而昆兰同意了。

驻扎在卡米纳的500名爱尔兰、瑞典和印度联合国部队进行了几次尝试，以解救被围困的士兵^[12]。在拉菲拉桥(Lufira Bridge)的一系列战斗，卡坦加军在这里部属了重重的地面和空中火力，杀死了三名印度人，炸伤了许多爱尔兰人，最终迫使增援部队离开了桥^[13]。

A连在防御中受了五伤，另一方面，卡坦加人遭受了沉重的损失，多达300人被杀，受伤人数不确定，人数从300到1,000不等。但是爱尔兰军无法获得增援，补给也被对方的飞机摧毁。最后，由于耗尽弹药、粮食和饮用水，在没有任何明确的命令或提供援助的保证，于9月17日下午，昆兰接受了向卡坦加人投降的提议。爱尔兰军被扣为人质约一个月。

回国后

爱尔兰政府对雅多维尔之战并不怎么认可，尽管昆兰指挥官的指挥，成功领导了他的部队抵抗了具有压倒性人数的攻击，拯救所有人的性命，却没有任何士兵获得任何表扬。直到2016年，爱尔兰政府才授予A连队国家历史上第一个总统荣誉称号^[14] ^[15] 。

电影

《雅多维尔围城战》，Netflix发行

参考资料

^ Soldiers of Fortune Mercenary wars: Congo 1960/68.
^ Ciaran Byrne. The True Story of the Heroic Battle That Inspired the New Netflix Film The Siege of Jadotville. Time. 27 July 2016 [31 October 2017].
^ Tom Farrell. Band of brothers: Tom Farrell talks to some of the survivors 50 years on. Irish Independent. 9 October 2011 [30 October 2017]. Although he is described in the text as a 'platoon commander' who was eventually a captain, the accompanying photograph is marked 'Lt Noel Carey'.
^ Power 2005，第153页: "the Katangans had begun moving in large numbers of troops culminating in a brigade strength unit of approximately 3,000"
^ Congo, Part 1; 1960–1963. Air Combat Information Group. [8 December 2014]. （原始内容存档于11 November 2014）.
^ Stanley Meisler. United Nations: The First Fifty Years. Atlantic Monthly Press. 1995. ISBN 9780871136565.
^ Peace Operations and Intrastate Conflict. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1999. ISBN 9780275961732.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 War in Katanga. TIME. 22 September 1961.
^ CIARAN BYRNE. The True Story of the Heroic Battle That Inspired the New Netflix Film The Siege of Jadotville. TIME. [2016-7-27].
^ Brave Vets Medal Shame; Jungle fighters honoured.. with award they had to pay for themselves. Sunday Mirror. 5 May 2002.
^ Whelan 2006.
^ Bravery of Irish soldiers at Jadotville siege to be examined – Naughten. Fine Gael News. 12 May 2004. （原始内容存档于1 September 2007）. 3rd Battalion, 1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment) was operating as part of 99th Indian Infantry Brigade during Morthor. Nambiar, Sundaram, Chhina, 'For the Honor of India: A History of Indian Peacekeeping,' Centre for Armed Forces Historical Research, USI of India, New Delhi, ISBN 978-81-902097-8-6, 2009, 201, 217.
^ Power 2005，第229页: "An attempt by Gurkha infantry, accompanied by Irish armored cars, to make a lightning dash across the bridge [..led to..] Three of the Indians were killed outright and eight other soldiers were wounded"
^ Soldiers recognised for Jadotville bravery. RTÉ News. 17 September 2016 [17 September 2016].
^ Jadotville ceremony rights a "grievous wrong". Westmeath Examiner. 17 September 2016 [17 September 2016]. This is the first time that a Unit Citation has been awarded within the Irish Defence Forces

[1] Soldiers of Fortune Mercenary wars: Congo 1960/68.

[Time2016-07-27a-2] Ciaran Byrne. The True Story of the Heroic Battle That Inspired the New Netflix Film The Siege of Jadotville. Time. 27 July 2016 [31 October 2017].

[Indo2011-10-09a-3] Tom Farrell. Band of brothers: Tom Farrell talks to some of the survivors 50 years on. Irish Independent. 9 October 2011 [30 October 2017]. Although he is described in the text as a 'platoon commander' who was eventually a captain, the accompanying photograph is marked 'Lt Noel Carey'.

[FOOTNOTEPower2005153-4] Power 2005，第153页: "the Katangans had begun moving in large numbers of troops culminating in a brigade strength unit of approximately 3,000"

[5] Congo, Part 1; 1960–1963. Air Combat Information Group. [8 December 2014]. （原始内容存档于11 November 2014）.

[6] Stanley Meisler. United Nations: The First Fifty Years. Atlantic Monthly Press. 1995. ISBN 9780871136565.

[peace-7] Peace Operations and Intrastate Conflict. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1999. ISBN 9780275961732.

[war-8] 8.0 ^8.1 War in Katanga. TIME. 22 September 1961.

[9] CIARAN BYRNE. The True Story of the Heroic Battle That Inspired the New Netflix Film The Siege of Jadotville. TIME. [2016-7-27].

[brave-10] Brave Vets Medal Shame; Jungle fighters honoured.. with award they had to pay for themselves. Sunday Mirror. 5 May 2002.

[FOOTNOTEWhelan2006-11] Whelan 2006.

[bravery-12] Bravery of Irish soldiers at Jadotville siege to be examined – Naughten. Fine Gael News. 12 May 2004. （原始内容存档于1 September 2007）. 3rd Battalion, 1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment) was operating as part of 99th Indian Infantry Brigade during Morthor. Nambiar, Sundaram, Chhina, 'For the Honor of India: A History of Indian Peacekeeping,' Centre for Armed Forces Historical Research, USI of India, New Delhi, ISBN 978-81-902097-8-6, 2009, 201, 217.

[FOOTNOTEPower2005229-13] Power 2005，第229页: "An attempt by Gurkha infantry, accompanied by Irish armored cars, to make a lightning dash across the bridge [..led to..] Three of the Indians were killed outright and eight other soldiers were wounded"

[14] Soldiers recognised for Jadotville bravery. RTÉ News. 17 September 2016 [17 September 2016].

[15] Jadotville ceremony rights a "grievous wrong". Westmeath Examiner. 17 September 2016 [17 September 2016]. This is the first time that a Unit Citation has been awarded within the Irish Defence Forces

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