草稿:Chen Chi-Mao

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Chen Chi-Mao (1923-2005) was a first-generation Taiwanese printmaker, known as the “trail-blazer of Taiwanese modern prints.” Throughout his life, he persisted in creating woodcuts, and developed mixed-media relief woodcuts on the basis of traditional wood engravings, which made him an iconic figure in the transition from traditional to modern woodcut printmaking. A graduate of Xiamen Fine Arts College, Fujian Province, Chen got a job offer to teach in Taiwan in 1946. He engaged in editing in his spare time, and thenceforth continued to study and create prints. He taught at Hualien Normal School and Dalin Secondary School. Then he moved to Taichung in 1964 and taught at St. Viator Catholic High School. In 1984, he taught woodcuts in the Department of Fine Arts, Tunghai University. He won the Gold Medal of the Free China Art Exhibition in the category of prints (1952), the Chinese Literary Award in woodcuts by the Chinese Writers’ & Artists’ Association (1961), the Golden Goblet Award by the Art Society of China (1973), the Golden Seal Prize by the Printmaking Society of R.O.C. (1980), and the Outstanding Artist Award conferred by the National Museum of Costa Rica (1991).

Life

    Chen Chi-Mao was born in Yongchun County, Fujian Province in 1920. Enrolled at Private Xipu Elementary School in 1929 and deeply influenced by Principal Zhang Dai-Yong and teacher Chen Hui-Lang, Chen started to learn drawing and had access to the woodcuts by Feng Zi-Kai and Xia Mian-Zun. In 1932, Chen passed the entrance exam and enrolled at Yongchun Secondary School where he learned woodcut printmaking from art teacher Hong Zhen-Yu. In 1934, Chen enrolled in the Division of Western-style Painting, Department of Painting, Xiamen Fine Arts College. After his graduation in 1937, Chen did his compulsory military service as a captain instructor in the Replacement Soldier Office, Ministry of War in Yungchun, where he also worked as the editor-in-chief of the Fighting Pictorial at the Special Party Chapter and assisted with the design work for the repertory company of the Political Work Department. He ergo got acquainted with artists Chen Ting-Shi, Zhu Ming-Gang, Huang Yong-Yu, and Zhang Xi-Ya. Later, he received a set of German-made engraving chisels from Principal Zhang as a gift. He then published his small-scale wood engraving series “The Page of a New Life” under the pseudonym of “white dove” at the Art Exhibition of the Yongchun Branch of Kuomintang Youth League. He also published his works in newspapers and drew illustrations for his poet friends.  In 1946, at the invitation of Keelung Mayor Shih Yen-Han, Chen came to Taiwan to make preparations for the Keelung City Daily. He lived with poet Wang Yu-Chen, through whom he learned about English poet William Blake’s woodcuts and poems that Wang collected, which prompted Chen to change his woodcut style from realistic to lyrical. Chen went on to teach at Keelung Girls’ Senior High School, and he worked part-time in the evenings as an editor at the Taiwan Daily in Taipei and a stringer for the Ziqiang Daily. In 1948, he took a teaching post at Hualien Teachers’ College. His life experiences in eastern Taiwan and the guilelessness of indigenous people thenceforth became the very subjects of his woodcuts. In 1949, he left Hualien to teach at Dalin Secondary School in Chiayi, where he got acquainted with poets Ji Xian, Qin Zi-Hao, Fang Si, and Li Sha, novelists Chang Shu-Han and Yang Nian-Ci, as well as woodcut printmakers Fang Xiang and Chen Hong-Zhen. In 1952, Chen Chi-Mao’s woodcut vignette Spring earned him the Gold Medal of the Free China Arts Exhibition. In 1954, at the invitation of priest Jean Almire Robert Lefeuvre at the Kuangchi Program Service (KPS) in Taichung, Chen engaged in cover design for literary works and introduced Western woodcuts in collaboration with priest Lefeuvre. He met Ms. Ding Zhen-Wan when they worked together as translators, and they tied the knot in 1959. Chen moved to Taichung in 1964, and he lived in that city until his demise. He lived in Taichung for nearly 40 years, which was also the peak period of his creativity.

    In the late 1960s, the modern painting trend emerged in Taiwan, and the printmaking scene followed this trend. Chiang Han-Tung, Qin Song, Lee Shi-Chi, and woodcut printmaker Chen Ting-Shih used experimental materials and techniques to create semi-representational and abstract works in modern styles. In 1973, Liao Shiou-Ping returned to Taiwan to promote modern printmaking. He toured the country to teach metal printmaking, silkscreen printmaking, and lithography. Chen Chi-Mao also gathered local artists in Taichung to study and experiment with large-scale chromoxylographs, changing the subject matter from the appearance of objects to the pursuit of the inner world. Chen’s creative style was consummate in the 1980s when he traveled abroad to visit printmaking art and museums in Europe. Characterized by grain-based woodcut printmaking techniques, his works present intriguing compositions and express the artistic conception of subject matter with dense lines, harmonious colors, and fine carving.

    In 1991, Chen donated more than 70 pieces of his early wood engravings to the Taiwan Provincial Museum of Fine Arts, accompanied by the “Chen Chi-Mao Donation Exhibition” organized by the museum. The Taichung City Cultural Center hosted the “Chen Chi-Mao’s 70 Years Retrospective” and “Across the Mountains of God and the Arabsphere: Chen Chi-Mao Painting Exhibition” respectively in 1995 and 1999. In 2000, the Taipei-based Julia Gallery hosted the “Painting Exhibition of Chen Chi-Mao,” and Chen’s works were included in the installation exhibition “New Wine in Old Bottles” at Warehouse 20. Chen presented his works at the “30th Anniversary Exhibition of the Taichung Artists’ Club” in 2002 and at the “Joint Exhibition of Contemporary Artists” hosted by the Cultural Affairs Bureau, Taichung City Government in 2003. “Chen Chi-Mao Painting Exhibition” was on view at National Sun Yat-sen University in 2004. Chen died of illness on June 25, 2005 and was buried in the Tunghai Garden public cemetery on Dadu Mountain. The National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts held “Chen Chi-Mao’s Memorial Retrospective” in 2007.

Style

    Chen devoted his entire life to woodcut printmaking. Between the 1950s and 1960s, he created three wood engraving series — “Song of Youth,” “Swan Lake in the Moonlight,” and “Spring in the Wilderness” — that portray the folk customs, indigenous peoples, and pastoral scenes in Taiwan. The three series comprise small-scale, exquisite pieces that embody Chen’s superb realistic techniques and the rustic charm of wood engraving with clearly demarcated black and white lines. Inspired by occidental modernist abstract painting, Chen began to create large-scale chromoxylographs in the 1970s, trying to enhance the effects in the composition with different techniques such as cutting and rubbing. In the 1980s, Chen traveled abroad to expand his frame of mind and horizons. His works created in this period reached maturity in terms of subject, coloring, composition, carving, and other techniques, reflecting his innermost spirit in addition to the visual delight expressed by the composition, hence his inimitable woodcut style. His oeuvre expresses the themes in a simple, concise fashion, striking a compositional balance by utilizing the depth of field, symmetry, chiaroscuro, and contrast between black and white in combination with the blanks and the linear effect between the virtual and the real in oriental and occidental painting. In this way, Chen established his sui generis printmaking art.