钩恙螨属
外观
钩恙螨属![]() | |
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科学分类 ![]() | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
纲: | 蛛形纲 Arachnida |
目: | 绒螨目 Trombidiformes |
科: | 恙螨科 Trombiculidae |
亚科: | 恙螨亚科 Trombiculinae |
属: | 钩恙螨属 Leptotrombidium Nagayo et al., 1916 |
钩恙螨属(学名:Leptotrombidium;(/ˌlɛptoʊtrɒmˈbɪdiəm/[1]),又名纤恙螨属[2],是蛛形纲蜱螨亚纲螨形总目恙螨目恙螨总科恙螨科之下的一个属,可透过叮咬人类而令人类感染恙虫东方体(O. tsutsugamushi)而患上恙虫病(亦作丛林斑疹伤寒)[3]。钩恙螨属的幼虫主要宿主是啮齿类,但有时也能寄生于人类或其他大型哺乳类动物中。
过往曾以为啮齿类动物是恙虫东方体的宿主,而恙螨只是感染的载体[4][5],但现时我们知道恙螨一生只会进食一次,这使病原从啮齿类动物传播至人类这种假设不可能,因为恙螨要达成载体的话,需要先后啮咬鼠只取得病原、然后再啮咬人类以将病原传给人类[6]。所以病菌只可能一开始就已在恙螨的体内,透过产卵的过程从母体传染给螨的虫卵[7][8][9]。所以钩恙螨属物种同时是恙虫东方体的病原载体及天然宿主[6]。感染几乎均由雌虫造成[10],而且似乎并未有对恙螨造成伤害。
生命周期
[编辑]幼螨呈淡橙色,以液化了的皮肤组织为食,而不是血液,因为它们的口器(一种螯肢,chelicerae)太短,无法深入至皮下的血管[11]。有三对腿。幼螨最常见的目标是啮齿动物,但也附着在人类身上[6]。对人类来说,被恙螨咬伤无痛,只有当幼螨从皮肤上脱落后才会出现疼痛,而且会留下红色丘疹,并可能会发展成焦痂[12]。
幼螨阶段持续一至两星期。进食后,幼螨会掉到地上,变成若螨。若螨呈砖红色,有四对腿。若螨阶段持续一至三星期。当若螨成熟为成螨时,会有四对腿,第一对最大。它们对人类无害。在后期幼螨阶段,它们不再寄生并以植物材料为食。[13] 雌虫单独产卵,约需一星期孵化。成螨寿命约六个月。
物种
[编辑]以下为本属部分已知的物种:
- 赤虫恙螨(L. akamushi):日本特有种[14],是Kato血清型恙虫东方体的自然宿主[3]
- L. arenicola[14]:只见于泰国及马来西亚;
- 纤恙螨(L. deliense):又名地里恙螨[14],是华南[15]及泰国[16]的主要病毒载体。it is also endemic to Litchfield Park, in the Northern Territory, Australia, where is carries the Litchfield serotype.[17]
- L. fletcheri[14]:只见于菲律宾及马来西亚;
- 海岛恙螨(L. insularae[14]):见于中国大陆[14];
- 吉首恙螨(L. jishoum[14]):见于中国大陆[14];
- 高湖恙螨(L. kaohuensis[14]):见于中国大陆[14];
- 粗毛恙螨(L. pallidum):原生于日本[14],Karp 及 Gilliam血清型的自然宿主[3][18];
- 微红恙螨(L. rubellum[14]):见于中国大陆[14];
- 小盾纤恙螨(L. scutellare[2]):又名小板恙螨[14],原生于日本,是Kawasaki 及 Kuroki血清型的自然宿主[3][18],肾综合征出血热(hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, HFRS)的载体[2]。
- L. umbricola[14]:只见于泰国及马来西亚;
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Leptotrombidium. Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. [2016-01-23].
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 张云; 朱进; 邓小昭; 吴光华; 张家驹; 周燕萍. 革螨及恙螨体内肾综合征出血热病毒定位的研究 (PDF). 中华预防医学杂志. 2002-07, 36 (4) [2019-11-08]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-11-08) (中文(简体)).
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi disease) in Japan, 1996–2000. Byogen Biseibutsu Kenshutsu Joho Geppo. 2001, 22: 211–212 [2016-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2017-04-27).
- ^ Philip CB. Tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) in World War II. J Parasitol. 1948, 34 (3): 169–191. JSTOR 3273264. doi:10.2307/3273264.
- ^ Fox JP. The long persistence of Rickettsia orientalis in the blood and tissues of infected animals. J Immunol. 1948, 59 (2): 109–114 [2016-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2008-07-24).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Pham XD, Suzuki H, Takaoka H. Distribution of unengorged larvae of Leptotrombidium pallidum and other species in and around the rodent nest holes. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2001, 32 (3): 553–57. PMID 11944716.
- ^ Walker JS, Chan CT, Manikumaran C, Elisberg BL. Attempts to infect and demonstrate transovarial transmission of R. tsutsugamushi in three species of Leptotrombidium mites. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1975, 266: 80–90. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb35090.x.
- ^ Takahashi M, Murata M, Nogami S, Hori E, Kawamura A, Tanaka H. Transovarial transmission of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in Leptotrombidium pallidum successively reared in the laboratory. Jpn J Exp Med. 1988, 58: 213–218.
- ^ Frances SP, Watcharapichat P, Phulsuksombati D. Vertical transmission of Orientia tsutsugamushi in two lines of naturally infected Leptotrombidium deliense (Acari: Trombiculidae). J Med Entomol. 2001, 38 (1): 17–21. PMID 11268685. doi:10.1603/0022-2585-38.1.17 (英语).
- ^ Roberts, LW; Rapmund, G; Gadigan, FG. Sex ratios in Rickettsia tsutsugamushi-infected and noninfected colonies of Leptotrombidium (Acari: Trombiculidae). J Med Entomol. 1977, 14 (1): 89–92 (英语).
- ^ Roberts LW, Robinson DM, Rapmund G, et al. Distribution of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in organs of Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) fletcheri (Prostigmata: Trombiculidae). J Med Entomol. 1975, 12 (3): 345–348 [2016-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-18) (英语).
- ^ Kitaoka M, Asanuma K, Otsuji J. Transmission of Rickettsia orientalis to man by Leptotrombidium akamushi at a scrub typhus endemic area in Akita Prefecture, Japan. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1974, 23 (5): 993–9. PMID 4451238 (英语).
- ^ Takahashi M, Misumi H, Urakami H, et al. Life cycle of Leptotrombidium pallidum (Acari: Trombiculidae), one of the vector mites of scrub typhus in Japan. Ohara Sogo Byoin Nenpo. 2003, 45: 19–30.
- ^ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 王锡杰. 恙蟲病病媒之種類與生態 (PDF). 卫生署疾病管制局研究检验中心. 2012-05-22 [2021-09-27]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-09-27) (中文(繁体)).
- ^ Wang S, Jiang P, Huang J, et al. Demonstration of the natural foci of tsutsugamushi disease in Nan Peng Lie Islands in China (PDF). The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health. 2001, 32 (3): 541–46 [2016-05-30]. PMID 11944714. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2009-03-18).
- ^ Frances SP, Watcharapichat P, Phulsuksombati D, Tanskul P, Linthicum KJ. Seasonal occurrence of Leptotrombidium deliense (Acari: Trombiculidae) attached to sentinel rodents in an orchard near Bangkok, Thailand. J Med Entomol. 1999, 36 (6): 869–874. PMID 10593093.
- ^ Odorico DM, Graves SR, Currie B, et al. New Orientia tsutsugamushi strain from scrub typhus in Australia. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998, 4 (4): 641–4 [2016-05-30]. PMC 2640248
. PMID 9866742. doi:10.3201/eid0404.980416. (原始内容存档于2010-05-29) (英语).
- ^ 18.0 18.1 Kawamori F, Akiyama M, Sugieda M, et al. Epidemiology of Tsutsugamushi disease in relation to the serotypes of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolated from patients, field mice, and unfed chiggers on the eastern slope of Mount Fuji, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. J Clin Microbiol. 1992, 30 (11): 2842–2846 [2016-05-30]. PMC 270539
. PMID 1452653. (原始内容存档于2011-05-25).
外部链接
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