统一俄罗斯

统一俄罗斯
Единая Россия
统一俄罗斯; Единая Россия
	统一俄罗斯标志
主席	德米特里·梅德韦杰夫
创始人	谢尔盖·绍伊古; 尤里·卢日科夫; 明季梅尔·沙伊米耶夫
成立	2001年12月1日
合并自	团结; 祖国—全俄罗斯; 我们的家—俄罗斯（英语：Our Home – Russia）
青年组织	统一俄罗斯青年卫队
党员	2,073,772
意识形态	国家主义; 俄罗斯民族主义; 普京主义; 民族保守主义; 社会保守主义; 实用主义; 社团主义
政治立场	大帐篷
国内组织	全俄人民阵线
欧洲组织	无
国际组织	中间派民主国际（观察员）
官方色彩	白色、蓝色和红色
联邦委员会	142 / 170 （84%）
国家杜马	324 / 450 （72%）
地区议会	2,849 / 3,980 （72%）
官方网站
	er.ru
	俄罗斯政治; 政党 · 选举 ^ a: 统一俄罗斯党没有统一的政治立场，; 但该党被各种消息来源描述为中间派、; 中间偏右或右翼的政党虽然统一俄罗斯不被认为是极右翼政党，; 但它对西欧极右翼政党的支持存在争议。

统一俄罗斯（俄语：Единая Россия，罗马化：Yedinaya Rossiya）是俄罗斯目前的执政党。它成立于2001年4月，主要是由尤里·卢日科夫、叶夫根尼·普里马科夫和明季梅尔·沙伊米耶夫领导的“祖国—全俄罗斯”联盟与谢尔盖·绍伊古、亚历山大·古洛夫和运动员出身亚历山大·卡列林为首的“团结”党合并而成。俄罗斯总统普京曾任该党主席，之后仍与其关系紧密。现今该党主席为俄罗斯联邦安全会议副主席德米特里·梅德韦杰夫。

俄罗斯反对派称该党为“骗子与小偷党”，该词由俄罗斯反对派领袖阿列克谢·纳瓦尔尼于2011年首创。

历史沿革

统一俄罗斯创立之初，因为普京的高人气，使其在地方与联邦选举中有很好的成果。在2003年俄罗斯议会选举之中，该党得到37%的支持率。2005年1月，该党拥有全议会450席中的305席，达到了“宪法多数”。统一俄罗斯党也在俄罗斯联邦委员会（上议院）中178个代表中拥有88名代表席次。在2004年总统选举，统一俄罗斯党支持普京，并有助于他的胜利。

普京政府任职的部长、许多地区的首长以及其他在整个俄罗斯联邦政府高级官员都是该党的党员。根据官方网站宣称^[17]，到2007年7月20日时已经有153万名党员。根据统一俄罗斯党自己在2005年9月20日登记的资料，那个时候该党在全俄罗斯就有2600个地方党部与29856个小办事处。

2007年俄罗斯国家杜马选举中该党被指控多次进行俄罗斯宪法所禁止、违反选举法的选举犯罪活动^[18]。2011年国家杜马选举中该党取得238个席次。2016年国家杜马选举中该党取得343个席次。2021年俄罗斯国家杜马选举该党取得324个席次。

选举结果

总统

选举年	参选人	首轮		次轮
选举年	参选人	得票	得票率	得票	得票率
2004	弗拉基米尔·普京	49,565,238	71.3%（当选）
2008	德米特里·梅德韦杰夫	52,530,712	71.2%（当选）
2012	弗拉基米尔·普京	46,602,075	63.6%（当选）
2018	弗拉基米尔·普京	56,430,712	77.53%（当选）
2024	弗拉基米尔·普京	76,277,708	88.48%（当选）

国家杜马

年	得票	得票率	议席
2003	22,779,279	37.6%	225 / 450
2007	44,714,241	64.3%	315 / 450
2011^[19]	32,448,000	49.3%	238 / 450
2016	28,271,600	54.1%	343 / 450
2021	28,064,258	49.85%	324 / 450

历代领袖

党主席	就职时间
党首集体领导	2001年10月1日－2005年4月15日
鲍里斯·格雷兹洛夫	2005年4月15日－2007年12月31日
弗拉基米尔·普京	2007年12月31日－2012年5月30日
德米特里·梅德韦杰夫	2012年5月30日－

参考文献

^ 存档副本. [2017-06-02]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-25）.
^ Chen, Cheng. The Return of Ideology: The Search for Regime Identities in Postcommunist Russia and China. University of Michigan Press. 2016: 87 [2017-10-30]. ISBN 978-0-472-11993-6. （原始内容存档于2020-04-27）.
^ Laruelle, Marlène. Nationalism as Conservative Centrism: United Russia. In the Name of the Nation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2009: 119–152. ISBN 978-1-349-38117-3. doi:10.1057/9780230101234_5.
^ Sakwa, Richard. Power and Policy in Putin's Russia. Routledge. 2013: 7 [2017-10-14]. ISBN 978-1-317-98994-3. （原始内容存档于2020-04-27）.
^ de Vogel, Sasha. New Russian "Patriots". The Institute of Modern Russia. 2012-10-25 [2017-05-26]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-05）.
^ Chaisty, Paul; Whitefield, Stephen. Putin's Nationalism Problem. E-International Relations. 2015-04-20. .
^ Is 'National Conservatism' the New Ideology of the Russian People?. Diena. 2008-12-05 [2018-01-11]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-22）.
^ Lansford, Tom. Political Handbook of the World 2015. CQR Press. 2014. United Russia ... espouses “social conservatism”
^ Путин, ОНФ и корпоративное государство. [2022-05-04]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-08）.
^ "Единая Россия" вступила в Центристский демократический интернационал. [2021-10-02]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-02）.
^ «Единая Россия» отвергает все формы социального, экономического популизма, национализма и радикализма. Народная программа «Единой России». [2021-11-26]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-26）.
White, Stephen. Graeme Gill; James Young , 编. Public opinion and voting behaviour. Routledge Handbook of Russian Politics and Society (Routledge). 2012: 359.
^ Coalson, Robert. Russia: Kremlin Labors To Get "A Just Russia" Into The Next Duma. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2007-09-05 [2021-11-26]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-26）.
^ Gönen, Selim. Uncertainty looms as Putin carves the future of troubled Russia. Daily Sabah. 2020-01-17 [2020-01-22]. （原始内容存档于2020-01-18）. Meanwhile, the State Duma, the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia, is currently dominated by members of the current ruling right-wing political party United Russia.
Paulo Vicente Alves. Emerging Markets Report 1st. AVEC Editora. 2014 [2018-03-27]. ISBN 9788567901053. （原始内容存档于2021-11-26）. Here are the two main parties, the "Right-Wing" United Russia and the "Statist" CPRF (Communist Party). United Russia was created in 2001 from the union of the Unity and Fatherland parties. Their "Right-Wing" position in the frontier of "Leftist" groups shows how hard it is to define United Russia but it is definitely trying to move Russia toward capitalism with stability.
^ SELIM GÖNEN. Uncertainty looms as Putin carves the future of troubled Russia. Daily Sabah. 2020-01-17 [2020-01-22]. （原始内容存档于2020-01-18）. Meanwhile, the State Duma, the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia, is currently dominated by members of the current ruling right-wing political party United Russia.
^ Finn, Peter. Kremlin-Backed Opposition Party Foundering as Elections Loom. The Washington Post. 2007-10-26 [2018-03-27]. （原始内容存档于2018-03-27）. 'As of today, we are truly an opposition party,' Mironov told reporters the day after Putin informed a United Russia congress that he would lead the party at the polls. 'And the president's support consists only of this: He agrees that Russia needs not only the right-wing United Russia but also a powerful socialist or social democratic party. And we don't need any more from him. The rest we'll do ourselves, relying on the support of our voters.'
Borisov, Sergey. United Russia 'determined itself as a right-wing party'. RT. 2009-11-23 [2018-03-27]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-29）. Having called themselves "conservatives," the members of United Russia "have simply determined their place" as a right-wing party, political scientist Dmitry Travin said. That means that they are "politicians who defend values of the market economy based on national traditions," Rosbalt news agency quoted him as saying.
Paulo Vicente Alves. Emerging Markets Report 1st. AVEC Editora. 2014 [2018-03-27]. ISBN 9788567901053. （原始内容存档于2020-04-27）. Here are the two main parties, the "Right-Wing" United Russia and the "Statist" CPRF (Communist Party). United Russia was created in 2001 from the union of the Unity and Fatherland parties. Their "Right-Wing" position in the frontier of "Leftist" groups shows how hard it is to define United Russia but it is definitely trying to move Russia toward capitalism with stability.
^ Mitchell A. Orenstein (编). The Lands in Between: Russia vs. the West and the New Politics of Hybrid War. Oxford University Press. 2019: 141.
F. Stephen Larrabee; Stephanie Pezard; Andrew Radin; Nathan Chandler; Keith Crane; Thomas S. Szayna (编). Russia and the West After the Ukrainian Crisis: European Vulnerabilities to Russian Pressures. Rand Corporation. 2014: 55 [2022-05-03]. ISBN 9780833094094. （原始内容存档于2022-04-28）.
Anton Shekhovtsov (编). Russia and the Western Far Right: Tango Noir. Routledge. 2017: 44.
^ （俄文）http://www.er.ru/news.html?rid=298 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2007-04-09.
^ （英文）http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/12/02/europe/EU-POL-Russia-Election-Violations.php （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ United Russia to have 238 seats at new State Duma （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. itar-tass.com (2011-12-06)

外部链接

[1] 存档副本. [2017-06-02]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-25）.

[2] Chen, Cheng. The Return of Ideology: The Search for Regime Identities in Postcommunist Russia and China. University of Michigan Press. 2016: 87 [2017-10-30]. ISBN 978-0-472-11993-6. （原始内容存档于2020-04-27）.

[Laruelle2009-3] Laruelle, Marlène. Nationalism as Conservative Centrism: United Russia. In the Name of the Nation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2009: 119–152. ISBN 978-1-349-38117-3. doi:10.1057/9780230101234_5.

[Sakwa2013-4] Sakwa, Richard. Power and Policy in Putin's Russia. Routledge. 2013: 7 [2017-10-14]. ISBN 978-1-317-98994-3. （原始内容存档于2020-04-27）.

[5] Vogel, Sasha. New Russian "Patriots". The Institute of Modern Russia. 2012-10-25 [2017-05-26]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-05）.

[6] Chaisty, Paul; Whitefield, Stephen. Putin's Nationalism Problem. E-International Relations. 2015-04-20. .

[7] Is 'National Conservatism' the New Ideology of the Russian People?. Diena. 2008-12-05 [2018-01-11]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-22）.

[8] Lansford, Tom. Political Handbook of the World 2015. CQR Press. 2014. United Russia ... espouses “social conservatism”

[9] Путин, ОНФ и корпоративное государство. [2022-05-04]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-08）.

[10] "Единая Россия" вступила в Центристский демократический интернационал. [2021-10-02]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-02）.

[11] «Единая Россия» отвергает все формы социального, экономического популизма, национализма и радикализма. Народная программа «Единой России». [2021-11-26]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-26）.
White, Stephen. Graeme Gill; James Young , 编. Public opinion and voting behaviour. Routledge Handbook of Russian Politics and Society (Routledge). 2012: 359.

[12] Coalson, Robert. Russia: Kremlin Labors To Get "A Just Russia" Into The Next Duma. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2007-09-05 [2021-11-26]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-26）.

[13] Gönen, Selim. Uncertainty looms as Putin carves the future of troubled Russia. Daily Sabah. 2020-01-17 [2020-01-22]. （原始内容存档于2020-01-18）. Meanwhile, the State Duma, the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia, is currently dominated by members of the current ruling right-wing political party United Russia.
Paulo Vicente Alves. Emerging Markets Report 1st. AVEC Editora. 2014 [2018-03-27]. ISBN 9788567901053. （原始内容存档于2021-11-26）. Here are the two main parties, the "Right-Wing" United Russia and the "Statist" CPRF (Communist Party). United Russia was created in 2001 from the union of the Unity and Fatherland parties. Their "Right-Wing" position in the frontier of "Leftist" groups shows how hard it is to define United Russia but it is definitely trying to move Russia toward capitalism with stability.

[14] SELIM GÖNEN. Uncertainty looms as Putin carves the future of troubled Russia. Daily Sabah. 2020-01-17 [2020-01-22]. （原始内容存档于2020-01-18）. Meanwhile, the State Duma, the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia, is currently dominated by members of the current ruling right-wing political party United Russia.

[Position_1-15] Finn, Peter. Kremlin-Backed Opposition Party Foundering as Elections Loom. The Washington Post. 2007-10-26 [2018-03-27]. （原始内容存档于2018-03-27）. 'As of today, we are truly an opposition party,' Mironov told reporters the day after Putin informed a United Russia congress that he would lead the party at the polls. 'And the president's support consists only of this: He agrees that Russia needs not only the right-wing United Russia but also a powerful socialist or social democratic party. And we don't need any more from him. The rest we'll do ourselves, relying on the support of our voters.'
Borisov, Sergey. United Russia 'determined itself as a right-wing party'. RT. 2009-11-23 [2018-03-27]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-29）. Having called themselves "conservatives," the members of United Russia "have simply determined their place" as a right-wing party, political scientist Dmitry Travin said. That means that they are "politicians who defend values of the market economy based on national traditions," Rosbalt news agency quoted him as saying.
Paulo Vicente Alves. Emerging Markets Report 1st. AVEC Editora. 2014 [2018-03-27]. ISBN 9788567901053. （原始内容存档于2020-04-27）. Here are the two main parties, the "Right-Wing" United Russia and the "Statist" CPRF (Communist Party). United Russia was created in 2001 from the union of the Unity and Fatherland parties. Their "Right-Wing" position in the frontier of "Leftist" groups shows how hard it is to define United Russia but it is definitely trying to move Russia toward capitalism with stability.

[16] Mitchell A. Orenstein (编). The Lands in Between: Russia vs. the West and the New Politics of Hybrid War. Oxford University Press. 2019: 141.
F. Stephen Larrabee; Stephanie Pezard; Andrew Radin; Nathan Chandler; Keith Crane; Thomas S. Szayna (编). Russia and the West After the Ukrainian Crisis: European Vulnerabilities to Russian Pressures. Rand Corporation. 2014: 55 [2022-05-03]. ISBN 9780833094094. （原始内容存档于2022-04-28）.
Anton Shekhovtsov (编). Russia and the Western Far Right: Tango Noir. Routledge. 2017: 44.

[17] （俄文）http://www.er.ru/news.html?rid=298 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2007-04-09.

[18] （英文）http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/12/02/europe/EU-POL-Russia-Election-Violations.php （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[19] United Russia to have 238 seats at new State Duma （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. itar-tass.com (2011-12-06)

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查论编俄罗斯政党
国家杜马（450）	统一俄罗斯（324）俄罗斯联邦共产党（57）公正俄罗斯—爱国者—为了真理（27）俄罗斯自由民主党（21）新人（15）全俄政党“祖国”（1）公民纲领（1）成长党（1）
地区议会	俄罗斯自由和公正党俄罗斯共产党人俄罗斯社会正义退休者党俄罗斯统一民主党“亚博卢” 俄罗斯生态党“绿党” 俄罗斯退休者党
其他注册政党	俄罗斯民主党为了俄罗斯妇女人民党联盟城镇人民俄罗斯人民党社会民主人士联盟俄罗斯城市绿色联盟公民力量青年俄罗斯新俄罗斯自由公民党俄罗斯农业党俄罗斯全民联盟争取公正党人民自由党明智俄罗斯俄罗斯君主党祖国和平与团结党民主之声意愿反对一切俄罗斯劳动阵线行动党公民立场俄罗斯复兴党
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