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汤都

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Tundun[1]
Tondo
ᜆᜓᜇᜓ
西元900年前[2][Notes 1]—1589年[3]
至1450年，汤都及其盟友分布区域。
至1450年，汤都及其盟友分布区域。
地位独立国家 Barangay state (15世纪)[4]
首都Tondo
常用语言Old Tagalog[2]
Malay[2] (foreign trade)
宗教
政府Feudalism under "Bayan" led by a paramount leader called a Lakan, consisting of several Barangay social groups led by a Datu[4][7] and initially observed as a Monarchy by foreigners[10][11][7]
Lakan[来源请求] 
• 约 900
Unnamed Ruler represented by Jayadewa, Lord Minister of Pailah (according to LCI)
• 1430-1450[来源请求]
Rajah Lontok
• 1450-1515[来源请求]
Dayang Kalangitan
• 1521–1571[来源请求]
Lakandula
• 1571-1575[来源请求]
Rajah Sulayman
• 1575–1589[来源请求]
Agustin de Legazpi
历史时期Antiquity[2][Notes 3] to Early modern era[4]
• First historical mention, in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription; trade relations with the Medang Kingdom implied[2]
西元900年前[2][Notes 1]
• Various proposed dates for the founding of the neighboring Rajahnate of Maynila range as early as the 1200s (see Battle of Manila (1258) and (1365)) to the 1500s (see Battle of Manila (1500))[Notes 4]
约1200s to 约1500s
• Establishment of regular trade relations with the Ming dynasty[12]
1373
• Territorial conflict with Maynila during the reign of Rajah Matanda's mother[7]
约1520
• First arrival of Spanish colonizers and Battle of Manila (1570)
1570
1571
• Attack of Limahong and concurrent Tagalog revolt of 1574
1574
• Discovery of the Tondo Conspiracy, dissolution of indigenous rule, and integration into the Spanish East Indies
1589年[3]
货币Piloncitos, Gold rings, and Barter[14]
前身		 继承
Prehistory of the Philippines
Barangay state
Captaincy General of the Philippines
今属于Philippines

汤都巴彦（英语：Bayan (political entity)）[4][15][16]（菲律宾语：Bayan ng Tondo；贝贝因文字（英语：Baybayin）：ᜃᜑᜍᜒᜀᜈ᜔ ᜅ᜔ ᜆᜓᜈᜇᜓ、ᜊᜌᜈ᜔ ᜅ᜔ ᜆᜓᜈᜇᜓ；；梵语：तोन्दुन्），中国古代又称东都，是菲律宾在西班牙人殖民前吕宋岛最主要的政体及印度化王国[17]（p. 71）[18]，位于巴石河三角洲[19][9][18]，靠近马尼拉湾。

在马来语中汤都解作蜡烛果，一种真红树植物。

王国成立于约公元900年，由一些巴朗盖组成，由世袭的拉肯和达图统治。这王国位于海上丝绸之路路线最北端，依靠与中国贸易带来财富，并把中国商品转手整个群岛的其余地区。在与文莱帝国苏丹博基尔亚的联盟期间，汤都王国进一步达到顶峰。

除了贸易，王国也从事水稻耕作和冶金，以金戒指作货币。

自1570年开始与西班牙帝国接触，在1579年被西班牙击败，被吸收为现代马尼拉市的一个区域，结束了作为一个独立政治实体的地位。

注释

[编辑]
  1. ^ Earliest historical reference.
  2. ^ Practiced by some members of the "Maginoo" caste, the apex social class (Scott, 1994)
  3. ^ Earliest historical reference.
  4. ^ Participation as "Tondo" not explicitly mentioned in these oral history

参考

[编辑]

Aganduru Moriz, Rodrigo (1882) [1623]. Historica general de las islas occidentals a la Asia adyacentes llamadas Philipinas. Coleccion de Documentos ineditos para la Historia de España. Madrid

  1. ^ Postma, Antoon (April–June 1992). "The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary". Philippine Studies. Ateneo de Manila University. 40 (2): 182–203. JSTOR 42633308.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Postma, Antoon. The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary. Philippine Studies (Ateneo de Manila University). June 27, 2008, 40 (2): 182–203 [2022-01-03]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-10）. 
  3. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为Corpuz1989的参考文献提供内容
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Pre-colonial Manila. Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library. Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library Araw ng Maynila Briefers. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. 23 June 2015 [27 April 2017]. （原始内容存档于9 March 2016）. 
  5. ^ Maggay, Melba Padilla. Filipino Religious Consciousness. Quezon City: Institute for Studies in Asian Church and Culture. 1999. ISBN 971-8743-07-3. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 引用错误：没有为名为SoulBook1991的参考文献提供内容
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 引用错误：没有为名为Scott1994的参考文献提供内容
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Osborne, Milton. Southeast Asia: An Introductory History Ninth. Australia: Allen & Unwin. 2004. ISBN 1-74114-448-5. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Jocano, F. Landa. Filipino Prehistory: Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage. Quezon City: Punlad Research House, Inc. 2001. ISBN 971-622-006-5. 
  10. ^ Rafael, Vicente L. (2005) The Promise of the Foreign: Nationalism and the Technics of Translation in the Spanish Philippines.
  11. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为Ming Annals的参考文献提供内容
  12. ^ Scott, William Henry. Societies in Prehispanic Philippines. Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. 1989. ISBN 978-9711002268. 
  13. ^ Joaquin, Nick. Manila, My Manila. Vera Reyes, Inc. 1990: 18–20. 
  14. ^ Ocampo, Ambeth R. 'Piloncitos' and the 'Philippine golden age'. opinion.inquirer.net. 30 August 2011 [2017-04-28]. （原始内容存档于2017-05-16） （英语）. 
  15. ^ Junker, Laura Lee. Integrating History and Archaeology in the Study of Contact Period Philippine Chiefdoms. International Journal of Historical Archaeology. 1998, 2 (4). 
  16. ^ Renfrew, Colin, and Shennan, S. (eds.). Ranking, Resource, and Exchange. Cambridge.: Cambridge University Press. 1982. 
  17. ^ Schliesinger, Joachim. Origin of Man in Southeast Asia 4: Early Dominant Peoples of the Maritime Region. Volume 4 dari Origin of Man in Southeast Asia. Booksmango. 2016 [2017-08-19]. ISBN 9781633237285. （原始内容存档于2017-08-16）. 
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 Abinales, Patricio N. and Donna J. Amoroso, State and Society in the Philippines. Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005. as referred to in http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/#_ftn1 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  19. ^ Scott, William Henry. Looking for the Prehispanic Filipino and Other Essays in the Philippine History. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. 1992. ISBN 971-10-0524-7. 
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