整合层次
外观
整合层次(Integrative level)或组织层次(level of organization)是由较低层次的预先存在现象涌现产生的现象。层次的概念是将现实结构化的智识框架(intellectual framework),一般按组织复杂度将宇宙中或某领域中的所有实体、结构和过程安排为一定层次。排列中的每个实体同时处于三种状态:由低层次的组分组成;本身表现为一个整体;是高层次的整体的组分。典型例子如生命涌现自非生命物质,意识涌现自神经系统。
层次
[编辑]通常认为存在的主要层次有物质、生命、意识和社会,在哲学家尼古拉·哈特曼的本体论中称其为strata (层)。它们可以进一步分析为更具体的阶(layer),如形成物质层的粒子、原子、分子和岩石,或形成生命层的细胞、机体、种群和生态系统。
层次一般认为对应系统的复杂度,越复杂层次越高,但也有例外,比如寄生现象是机体的涌现,但寄生体通常比原形简单(复杂度更低)。
哲学
[编辑]在唯物主义和唯心主义著作中,都可以找到与整合层次相近的概念。一些哲学家和科学家则认为整合层次不存在。
另见
[编辑]参考文献
[编辑]- Comte, Auguste. Stanislav, Andreski , 编. The essential Comte: selected from Cours de philosophie positive. 由Clarke, Margaret翻译. London: Croom Helm; New York: Barnes & Noble. 1974 [1830–1842]. ISBN 0064901815. OCLC 1032574.
- Spencer, Herbert. Super-organic evolution. The principles of sociology. A system of synthetic philosophy 6–8. New York: D. Appleton & Company. 1877: 3. OCLC 2083641.
- Alexander, Samuel. Space, time, and deity: the Gifford lectures at Glasgow, 1916–1918. 1916–18. London: Macmillan. 1920. OCLC 1041642.
- Sellars, Roy Wood. Evolutionary naturalism. Chicago: Open Court Publishing. 1922. OCLC 172131.
- Morgan, C. Lloyd. Emergent evolution. Gifford lectures. London: Williams and Norgate. 1923. OCLC 3140885.
- Conger, George P. The doctrine of levels. The Journal of Philosophy. 4 June 1925, 22 (12): 309–321. JSTOR 2014178. doi:10.2307/2014178.
- Wheeler, William Morton. Emergent evolution and the development of societies. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 1928 [2023-05-02]. OCLC 3399922. (原始内容存档于2023-05-02).
- Needham, Joseph. Integrative levels: a revaluation of the idea of progress. Time: the refreshing river (essays and addresses, 1932–1942). London: G. Allen & Unwin. 1943: 233–272 [1937]. OCLC 1148711.
- Hartmann, Nicolai. Der Aufbau der realen Welt: Grundriß der allgemeinen Kategorienlehre. Ontologie 3. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 1940. ISBN 9783110823844. OCLC 174268798. doi:10.1515/9783110823844.
- Novikoff, Alex B. The concept of integrative levels and biology. Science. March 1945, 101 (2618): 209–215. Bibcode:1945Sci...101..209N. JSTOR 1672950. PMID 17814095. doi:10.1126/science.101.2618.209.
- Hartmann, Nicolai. New ways of ontology [Neue Wege der Ontologie]. 由Kuhn, Reinhard C.翻译. Chicago: H. Regnery Co. 1952 [1949]. OCLC 888650.
- Feibleman, James K. Theory of integrative levels. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. May 1954, 5 (17): 59–66. JSTOR 685952. doi:10.1093/bjps/V.17.59.
- Boulding, Kenneth Ewart. General systems theory: the skeleton of science (PDF). Management Science. April 1956, 2 (3): 197–208 [2023-05-02]. JSTOR 2627132. doi:10.1287/mnsc.2.3.197. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-03-28).
- Sellars, Roy Wood. Levels of causality: the emergence of guidance and reason in nature. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. September 1959, 20 (1): 1–17. JSTOR 2104949. doi:10.2307/2104949.
- Simon, Herbert A. The architecture of complexity. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. December 1962, 106 (6): 467–482. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.110.961
. JSTOR 985254.
- Bertalanffy, Ludwig von. General system theory: foundations, development, applications
. New York: G. Braziller. 1968. OCLC 1465.
- Bunge, Mario. The metaphysics, epistemology and methodology of levels. Method, model, and matter. Synthese library. Dordrecht; Boston: D. Reidel. 1973: 160–168. ISBN 9027702527. OCLC 613670. doi:10.1007/978-94-010-2519-5_9.
- Foskett, Douglas John. The theory of integrative levels and its relevance to the design of information systems. ASLIB Proceedings. June 1978, 30 (6): 202–208. doi:10.1108/eb050633.
- Greenberg, Gary; Tobach, Ethel (编). Behavioral evolution and integrative levels. The T. C. Schneirla conference series 1. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1984. ISBN 0898593638. OCLC 10997500.
- O'Neill, Robert V.; Deangelis, Donald Lee; Waide, J. B.; Allen, Timothy F. H. A hierarchical concept of ecosystems
. Monographs in population biology 23. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1986. ISBN 069108436X. OCLC 13526197.
- Greenberg, Gary; Tobach, Ethel (编). Cognition, language, and consciousness: integrative levels. The T. C. Schneirla conference series 2. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1987. ISBN 0898597226. OCLC 15317589.
- Blitz, David. Emergent evolution: qualitative novelty and the levels of reality. Episteme 19. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1992. ISBN 0792316584. OCLC 25370568. doi:10.1007/978-94-015-8042-7.
- Pettersson, Max. Complexity and evolution. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. ISBN 052145400X. OCLC 34543726. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511565564. Foreword by Joseph Needham.
- Poli, Roberto. The basic problem of the theory of levels of reality. Axiomathes. September 2001, 12 (3–4): 261–283. doi:10.1023/A:1015845217681.
- Bunge, Mario. Emergence and convergence: qualitative novelty and the unity of knowledge. Toronto studies in philosophy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 2003. ISBN 0802088600. OCLC 52411064. doi:10.3138/9781442674356.
- DiFrisco, James. Time scales and levels of organization. Erkenntnis. August 2017, 82 (4): 795–818. doi:10.1007/s10670-016-9844-4.
- Brooks, Daniel Stephen; Eronen, Markus I. The significance of levels of organization for scientific research: a heuristic approach. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences. June 2018, 68–69: 34–41. PMID 29653763. doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2018.04.003.
- Brooks, Daniel Stephen; DiFrisco, James; Wimsatt, William C. (编). Levels of organization in the biological sciences. Vienna series in theoretical biology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2021. ISBN 9780262045339. OCLC 1184123324.
反对整合层次的论点
[编辑]- Eronen, Markus I.; Brooks, Daniel Stephen. Levels of organization in biology. 扎尔塔, 爱德华·N (编). 《斯坦福哲学百科全书》 Spring 2018. 5 February 2018. See the section: "2.4 Levels skepticism and deflationary accounts" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- Eronen, Markus I. Levels of organization: a deflationary account. Biology and Philosophy. January 2015, 30 (1): 39–58. doi:10.1007/s10539-014-9461-z.
- Eronen, Markus I. Are there levels out there?. scientiasalon.wordpress.com. 3 August 2015 [2019-12-20]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-05).
- Eronen, Markus I. No levels, no problems: downward causation in neuroscience. Philosophy of Science. December 2013, 80 (5): 1042–1052. JSTOR 10.1086/673898. doi:10.1086/673898.
- Guttman, Burton S. Is 'levels of organization' a useful biological concept?. BioScience. February 1976, 26 (2): 112–113. JSTOR 1297326. doi:10.2307/1297326.
- Noble, Denis. A theory of biological relativity: no privileged level of causation. Interface Focus. February 2012, 2 (1): 55–64. PMC 3262309
. PMID 23386960. doi:10.1098/rsfs.2011.0067.
- Potochnik, Angela. Levels and fields of science. Idealization and the aims of science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2017: 161–197. ISBN 9780226507057. OCLC 975478843. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226507194.001.0001.
- Potochnik, Angela; McGill, Brian J. The limitations of hierarchical organization. Philosophy of Science. January 2012, 79 (1): 120–140. JSTOR 10.1086/663237. doi:10.1086/663237.
- Schaffer, Jonathan. Is there a fundamental level? (PDF). Noûs. September 2003, 37 (3): 498–517 [2023-05-02]. JSTOR 3506125. doi:10.1111/1468-0068.00448. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-10-15).
- Thalos, Mariam. Without hierarchy: the scale freedom of the universe. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 2013. ISBN 9780199917648. OCLC 827008044. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199917648.001.0001.