阿努纳奇
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美索不达米亚神话 |
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其他传说 阿拉伯 · 黎凡特 · 古代近东宗教 |
阿努纳奇(Anunnaki),或译作阿努那奇、安努纳、阿嫩纳基[1]、安努那基、阿努纳基,是苏美尔人神话中一组有血缘关系的神,既是地上之神,又是地下之神(冥神)[2]。
词源
[编辑]阿努纳奇有各种不同写法,它的意思是说“王子”或者“安努的儿子”[2]。《牛津世界神话大集》说阿努纳奇“……是苏美尔的古老神祇;他们克托尼俄斯神祇里的生育神,后来被和冥界联系到一起,在那里他们成为审批神。他们的名字来自古老的天神安努”[3]。
安努的妻子祺生阿努纳基,其中最著名的是空气神恩利尔。按照传说在恩利尔出生前天和地无法区分,恩利尔把天和地劈开。祺和恩利尔选择地。
有些学者怀疑祺不是神因为没有她的庙宇,她的名字也仅仅出现在少数苏美尔创世文字里。山姆·诺亚·克莱默认为祺实际上和苏美尔的母亲神是同一个神祇。
神话
[编辑]他们本来源自不同地方,但很早就连在一起。据古巴比伦文献,阿努纳基诸神住在圣城尼普尔(Nippur)。据乌尔第三王朝(前21世纪)的苏美尔文献,他们是安努之子;后来阿卡德文献则说他们的父亲是马尔杜克。关于阿努纳基神的数目说法不一,从七个到六百个,通常的说法是五十个。马尔杜克把六百个阿努纳基神分成三百个“天上神”和三百个“地下神”(冥神)。他们的职能不是很明确的,主要是决定人的命运。某个神的威力大小,通过他们的反应得到说明。例如:安努一句话或一瞥目光就会使他们发抖。小魔怪的潜力就可把他们打入缝隙中。他们是人神交往的中介,一般誓言里不涉及他们的名字。“地下的”阿努纳基诸神自成一个体系,通常是冥国的判官(参见伊南娜、埃列什基伽勒),由冥国女王埃列什基伽勒掌管。阿卡德时代所有的神分成两大族群;阿努纳基是地上神和冥神,伊吉格是宇宙神。
他们与苏美尔被称为伊吉吉的天神们的关系不明。有时他们与他们是同义词,但是在阿特拉哈西斯大洪水传说里伊吉吉是要为阿努纳基服务的第六代神,但是在40天后造反,后来被创造的人类取代[4]。
杰里米·布莱克和安东尼·格林就伊吉吉和阿努纳奇之间的关系提供了另一个解释,他们说“伊吉吉是古巴比伦时期(十位)‘大神’的名字。后来中苏美尔和巴比伦时期它们被泛用来指天神,而阿努纳奇则在后来被泛用来指冥界的神。创世神话里提到有300名伊吉吉天神。[5]”
阿努纳奇在巴比伦创世神话《埃努玛·埃利什》里出现[6]。后来的版本里马尔杜克被扩大,他把阿努纳奇分开并分给他们各自的领域,300个管天,300个管地。
在吉尔伽美什史诗里乌塔那匹兹姆叙述大洪水的故事的时候提到阿努纳奇。在这个传说里地狱里的七名判官叫做阿努纳奇,暴风雨来临时他们把大地点燃[7]。
后来的苏美尔和巴比伦神话说阿努纳奇是安努和祺的孩子,是兄弟姊妹神。而安努和祺则是安沙尔和基沙尔的孩子,而他们又是拉哈穆和拉赫穆的孩子,创世之地埃里都的阿勃祖庙的看守。而他们又是迪亚马特和阿勃祖的孩子。
在撒迦利亚·西琴的《地球编年史》被当作来自尼比鲁的外星人,并且帮助人类文明[8][9],以及他们与人类的混种后代就是《圣经》上的拿非利人[10]。
参见
[编辑]参考资料
[编辑]- ^ 鲁刚 (编). 阿嫩纳基诸神 (Anunnaki) <苏-阿>. 《世界神话辞典》. 沈阳: 辽宁人民出版社: 512. 1989. ISBN 7-205-00960-X. NLC 000502980.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Black, Jeremy and Green, Anthony: Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary University of Texas Press (Aug 1992) ISBN 978-0-292-70794-8 p.34
- ^ Leemings, David. The Oxford Companion to World Mythology. Oxford University Press. 2009: 21. ISBN 978-0195387087.
- ^ Leick, Gwendolyn: A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology (NY: Routledge, 1998), 85页
- ^ Black, Jeremy and Green, Anthony: Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary University of Texas Press (Aug 1992) ISBN 978-0-292-70794-8 106页
- ^ 埃努玛·埃利什 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),版1,156句
- ^ N. K. Sandars (translator): "The Epic of Gilgamesh", Penguin Books, London (2006) ISBN 978-0-141-02628-2 p.52
- ^ 难以启齿的秘密:霍金究竟知道什么 第37节:2012和世界末日(9) Archive.is的存档,存档日期2012-12-17
- ^ 巨人族-Annunaki. [2012-10-11]. (原始内容存档于2016-10-12).
- ^ The Anunnaki and Nephilim. [2012-10-11]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-04).
延伸阅读
[编辑]- Amin, Osama Shukir Muhammed, Copper alloy foundation figurines with pegs representing Gods, World History Encyclopedia, 31 March 2014
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- Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony, Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary, London, England: The British Museum Press, 1992, ISBN 0-7141-1705-6
- Brisch, Nicole, Anunna (Anunnaku, Anunnaki) (a group of gods), Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses, University of Pennsylvania Museum, 2016 [2013-06-19], (原始内容存档于2019-09-03)
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外部链接
[编辑]- 古代美索不达米亚神祇:阿努纳奇(英语)