菜粉蝶
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菜粉蝶![]() | |
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合翅形态 | |
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展翅形态 | |
科学分类 ![]() | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
纲: | 昆虫纲 Insecta |
目: | 鳞翅目 Lepidoptera |
总科: | 凤蝶总科 Papilionoidea |
科: | 粉蝶科 Pieridae |
属: | 粉蝶属 Pieris |
种: | 菜粉蝶 P. rapae
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二名法 | |
Pieris rapae (林奈, 1758)
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亚种 | |
共有17个亚种,详阅正文。 | |
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全球性分布及入侵时期 | |
异名 | |
异名列表
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菜粉蝶(学名:Pieris rapae,英文俗名:Small White, Small Cabbage White,别名:纹白蝶、日本纹白蝶、白纹蝶、菜白蝶,俗称菜虫)在台湾又名缘点白粉蝶,是属于粉蝶科的一种蝴蝶,是粉蝶属的一种。广泛分布于欧亚大陆大部分地区,并已入侵并立足于北美、北非、澳洲、新西兰等地低至高海拔地区[3][4]。模式产地为瑞典[5]。
一年多代。成蝶飞行缓慢,好访花。冬季温度低的地区以蛹态过冬。幼虫的寄主主要为十字花科植物,大多都是农作产物,所以菜粉蝶是族群密度非常高的农业害虫。雌蝶将卵单产在十字花科蔬菜上,因此饭盒里常能找到煮熟的幼虫,为了避免各类昆虫啃食,农夫大多会施以农药防治以达立竿见影之效。[6]
语源
[编辑]拉丁学名的种名“rapae”源自古希腊语“ραπάνι”(rapáni),指萝卜(radish),也是菜粉蝶幼虫的一种常用寄主植物。[7]
在台湾以外汉语使用地区,中文种名“菜”源于此种的幼虫常以十字花科的蔬菜为食。在台湾使用的中文名字直接以属名“白粉蝶”命名,皆因此种的族群数量多,分布广,足以作为本属代表。而别名“纹白蝶”乃源自日文名称“モン(纹)シロチョウ(白蝶)”。[6]
形态
[编辑]卵型稍胖,刚产的卵颜色较淡,开始发育后颜色转深。小幼虫的背中线呈淡黄色,且模糊。终龄幼虫体侧黄色虚线细,体表的蓝黑色突起小。蛹的胸背隆起低,腹背两侧突起短而不明显。[6]
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成虫躯体背面黑褐色,腹面白色。翅背面底色白色,前翅翅顶及翅基有黑褐色纹;M3及CuA2室各有一黑褐色斑点排成纵列。后翅翅基亦有黑褐色纹,前缘中央有一黑褐色斑点。翅腹面为带黄色的白色,前翅亦有两枚黑褐色斑点。低温期个体体型较小,黑褐色纹色泽较浅。雌蝶的前翅翅基黑褐色纹较雄蝶明显,由灰色鳞粉形成。[3][4][6][8][9]
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形态近似的物种有:
习性
[编辑]幼虫爬出卵壳后,会回头喷食卵壳,作为孵化后的第一餐。幼虫会取食寄主植物的叶片、花序和果实。幼虫化蛹前通常会爬离寄主,在其他植物或附近杂物上化蛹。[6]寄主植物包括:[4][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]
十字花目 | |
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十字花科 Brassicaceae
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醉蝶花科 Cleomaceae |
木犀草科 Resedaceae
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旱金莲科 Tropaeolaceae | |
白花菜科 Capparaceae
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茄目 | |
茄科 Solanaceae |
成虫一年多代。全年四季可见,冬季温度低的地区或以蛹态过冬。出没于海拔0-2500米地区的常绿阔叶林、农田、乡村及都市荒地、热带季风林、热带雨林、海岸林、常绿落叶阔叶混生林、常绿硬叶林。主要出没于平原到丘陵农田和周围的荒地。它喜欢阳性环境,在菜田等农田周围飞行,又爱在菊科等各种花卉间飞舞。开阔的农耕地正为其所好,因此成为十字花科蔬菜的主要虫害。冬季稻作休耕时,农民习惯种植油菜作为绿肥,正好提供本种幼虫大量的食物,每当油菜田里黄花盛开,总是有成群的白色蝴蝶于田间飞舞。雌蝶将卵单产在十字花科蔬菜上。[3][8]
亚种
[编辑]- P. r. rapae
- - 指名亚种[15]
- P. r. deleta Strand, 1901[16]
- P. r. mauretanica Verity, 1908
- P. r. transcaucasica (Stauder, 1925)
- P. r. meleager Hemming, 1934
- P. r. kenteana Rühl, [1893]
- P. r. crucivora Boisduval, 1836
- P. r. debilis Alphéraky, 1889 = P. r. eumorpha
- P. r. leucosoma Schawerda, 1905
- P. r. atomaria Fruhstorfer, 1909
- P. r. micipsa Fruhstorfer, 1909
- P. r. lysicles Fruhstorfer, 1909
- - 分布于日本[25]
- P. r. tochica Peile, 1937[26]
- P. r. originalis Bryk, 1940
- P. r. crucivorina Bryk, 1942
- P. r. yunnana Mell, 1943
- P. r. bernardii Le Moult, 1945[31]
流行文化
[编辑]任天堂于2020年发行的《集合啦!动物森友会》中也有出现菜粉蝶。会于上午4时至下午7时在空中飞行。北半球于9至6月出现,而南半球于3-12月出现。[32]
参考
[编辑]- ^ van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Wiemers, M., Katbeh-Bader, A., Power, A., Benyamini, D., Tzirkalli, E., Balletto, E., Monteiro, E., Karaçetin, E., Franeta, F., Pe'er, G., Welch, H., Thompson, K., Pamperis, L., Dapporto, L., Šašić, M., López Munguira, M., Micevski, N., Dupont, P., Garcia-Pereira, P., Moulai, R., Caruana, R., Verovnik, R., Bonelli, S. & Beshkov, S. 2014. Pieris rapae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T174353A53720063.
- ^ van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J. 2010. Pieris rapae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T174353A7056010.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 徐堉峰. 臺灣蝴蝶圖鑑.上【弄蝶、鳳蝶、粉蝶】. 台湾: 晨星出版有限公司. 2013年2月10日: 303-304. ISBN 9789861776705 (中文(繁体)).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Chou, 1994. Monografia Rhopalocerorum Sinensium 1: 257 (简体中文)
- ^ Linnaeus, 1758; Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Clases, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Symonymis, Locis. Tomis I. 10th Edition Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 468
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 吕至坚、陈建仁. 蝴蝶生活史圖鑑. 台湾: 晨星出版有限公司. 2014年3月23日: 160, 194-195. ISBN 9789861777849 (中文(繁体)).
- ^ ραπάνι (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). (2017, October 26). Wiktionary, The Free Dictionary.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 日本チョウ类保全协会 [日本蝴蝶保护协会] (2012). フィールドガイド 日本のチョウ 日本产全种がフィールド写真で検索可能 [野外指南 日本蝴蝶 所有来自日本的物种都可以使用现场照片进行搜索]. 东京: 诚文堂新光社. p92. (日语)
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Braby, Michael F. Complete Field Guide to Butterflies of Australia. CSIRO Publishing. 2004: 154-155. ISBN 0643090274.
- ^ Seppänen, 1970. Suomen suurperhostoukkien ravintokasvit Animalia Fennica 14 (芬兰文)
- ^ K. L. & L. E. Dunn, 1991, Review of Australian Butterflies: distribution, life history and taxonomy. Pushlished by authors, Melbourne Review Austr. Butts. (1-4): (120-140)
- ^ Tennent, 1996. The Butterflies of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia : 1-217
- ^ Braby, Michael F. Complete Field Guide to Butterflies of Australia. CSIRO Publishing. 2004: 154-155. ISBN 0643090274.
- ^ D'Abrera, 1977 Butterflies of the Australian Region (2nd edn) Butts. Aust. Region: 1-416
- ^ Stephens, 1827; Illustrations of British Entomology; or, a synopsis of indigenous insects: containing their generic and specific distinctions; with an account of their metamorphoses, times of appearance, localities, food, and economy, as far as practicable Ill. Br. Ent. (Haustellata) 1 (1): 19
- ^ Strand, 1901; Beitrag zur Schmetterlingsfauna Norwegens Nyt Mag. Naturv. 39 (1): 44
- ^ Verity, 1908; Rhopalocera Palaearctica Iconographie et Description des Papillons diurnes de la région paléarctique. Papilionidae et Pieridae Rhopalocera Palaearctica (13-14): 155, (17-20) pl. 33, f. 43-44
- ^ (Stauder, 1925); Pieridologisches aus Transkaukasien Ent. Anz. 5 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆): 4
- ^ Hemming, 1934; Some notes in the nomenclature of Palaearctic and African Rhopalocera Stylops 3 (5): 98
- ^ (Rühl, [1893]); in Heyne, Palaearkt. Grossschmett. 1 : 125
- ^ Boisduval, 1836; Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Species Général des Lépidoptéres. Tome Premier Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 521
- ^ Alphéraky, 1889; Lépidoptères rapportés du Thibet par le Général N. M. Przewalsky de son voyage de 1884-1885 in Romanoff, Mém. lép. 5: 70
- ^ Schawerda, 1905; [Bericht der Sektion für Lepidopterologie] Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 55: 516
- ^ Fruhstorfer, 1909; Neues über Pieris manni [sic] Ent. Zs. 23 (8): 42
- ^ 25.0 25.1 Fruhstorfer, 1909; Neue palaearktische Pieriden Int. ent. Zs. 3 (16): 88
- ^ Peile, 1937; Guide to coll. butts. India: 47
- ^ Bryk, 1940; Die von Prof. Dr. Lundblad gesammelten Gross-Schmetterlinge der Iberischen Halbinseln Arkiv Zool. 32A (22): 4
- ^ 菜粉蝶 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - 香港生物多样性数据库 - 渔农自然护理署 (繁体中文)
- ^ Bryk, 1942; Zur Kenntnis der Großschmetterlinge der Kurilen Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 56: 11
- ^ (Mell, 1943); Zool. Stuttgart 36 (100): 104
- ^ Le Moult, 1945; Misc. Ent. 41: 52
- ^ 赖浩然, 2020-03-30.【动物之森/动物森友会】攻略 3月昆虫图鉴 特殊出现及捕捉方法 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). 香港01. (繁体中文)
文献
[编辑]- 17世纪
- BLANKAART, S. (1688): Schou-Burg der Rupsen, Wormen, Maden, en Vliegende Dierkens daar uit voortkomende: Unpaginiertes Vorwort, 1-234, pl. I-XVI. Amsterdam (Jan ten Hoorn). (德文)
- 19世纪
- Grum-Grshimailo, 1890, Le Pamir et sa faune lépidoptérologique in Romanoff, Mém. Lép. 4: 218
- 20世纪
- Dyar, 1903, A List of North American Lepidoptera and Key to the Literature of this Order of Insects Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52: 6
- Chittenden FH. 1916a. The common cabbage worm. USDA Farmers' Bulletin 766. 16 pp.
- Richards OW. 1940. The biology of the small white butterfly (Pieris rapae), with special reference to the factors controlling its abundance. Journal of Animal Ecology 9: 243-288.
- Harcourt DG. 1962. Design of a sampling plan for studies on the population dynamics of the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Canadian Entomologist 94: 849-859.
- Harcourt DG. 1963a. Biology of cabbage caterpillars in eastern Ontario. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario 93: 61-75.
- Radcliffe EB, Chapman RK. 1966. Varietal resistance to insect attack in various cruciferous crops. Journal of Economic Entomology 59: 120-125.
- Lewis, 1974. Butterflies of the World: pl. 5, f. 5.
- Higgins, L. (1975): The Classification of European Butterflies, Collins, London
- Forster W. & Th.A. Wohlfahrt (1976): Die Schmetterlinge Mitteleuropas, 2, 2. Auflage, Franckh´sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart (德文)
- Holloway & Peters, 1976, The butterflies of New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands J. Nat. Hist. 10: 295
- Smart, 1976. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Butterfly World Illust. Encyp. Butt. World.
- Hill, D.S., Johnson, G., Bascombe, M.J. 1978. Annotated Checklist of Hong Kong Butterflies. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society 11: 1-62.
- Higgins L.G. & N.D. Riley (1978): Die Tagfalter Europas und Nordwestafrikas, übersetzt von W. Forster, 2. Auflage, Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg und Berlin
- Dickson MH, Eckenrode CJ. 1980. Breeding for resistance in cabbage and cauliflower to cabbage looper, imported cabbageworm, and diamondback moth. Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science 105: 782-785.
- Lorus and Margery Milne. 1980. National Audubon Society Field Guide to Insects and Spiders. Knopf. (英文)
- Pyle, 1981. Field Guide to North American Butterflies, National Audubon Society, 360.
- Hodges, 1983. Check List of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico Check List Lep. Am. N of Mexico, #4197
- SCHWEIZERISCHER BUND FÜR NATURSCHUTZ [Hrsg.] (1987): Tagfalter und ihre Lebensräume. Arten – Gefährdung – Schutz. — XI + 516 S. (hier 149-150), Egg/ZH (Fotorotar AG). (德文)
- Leraut P. (1992): Les papillons dans leur milieu, Bordas (法文)
- Shirozu & Ueda, 1992.- Boisduval, 1836, Histoire générale et iconographie des Lépidoptères et des Chenilles de l'Amerique septentrionale, 1: 522.
- Tuzov, Bogdanov, Devyatkin, Kaabak, Korolev, Murzin, Samodurov, Tarasov, 1997. Guide to the Butterflies of Russia and adjacent territories: Hesperiidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Satyridae Butts. Russia adj. terr. 1, 168.
- Tolman T. & R. Lewington (1998): Die Tagfalter Europas und Nordwestafrikas, übersetzt von M. Nuß, Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co., Stuttgart (德文)
- Bascombe, M.J., Johnston, G., Bascombe, F.S. 1999. The butterflies of Hong Kong. Academic Press.
- Ziegler, H. & U.Eitschberger (1999): Der Karstweißling Pieris mannii (Mayer, 1851). Systematik, Verbreitung, Biologie (Lepidoptera, Pieridae), Neue Ent. Nachr., 45, p. 1 - 217 (德文)
- 周尧. 中国蝴蝶原色图鉴. 中国: 河南科学技术出版社. 1999-10-01: 257. ISBN 9787534923043 (中文(繁体)).
- 21世纪
- Capinera JL. 2001. Handbook of Vegetable Pests. Academic Press, San Diego. 729 pp.
- Pyle, 2002. The Butterflies of Cascadia, 140.
- Opler & Warren, 2003 (April). Butterflies of North America. 2. Scientific Names List for Butterfly Species of North America, north of Mexico.
- 杨建业, 饶戈. 2003. 香江蝶影. 万里机构万里书店出版
- Lamas, 2004. Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera, #272.
- Dennis, R.L.H. and Hardy, P.B. 2007. Support for mending the matrix: resource seeking by butterflies in apparent non-resource zones. Journal of Insect Conservation 11(2): 157-168.
- Mark C. Williams. Checklist of Afrotropical Papilionoidea and Hesperoidea; Compiled by Mark C. Williams, 7th ed. (2008) (April 2007); Afrototropical Butterflies (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- Pelham, 2008, A catalogue of the butterflies of the United States and Canada J. Res. Lepid. 40: 182
- John, E., Cottle, N., McArthur, A. and Makris, C. 2008. Eastern Mediterranean migrations of the Small White Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera:Pieridae): observations from Cyprus 2001 and 2007. Entomologist’s Gaz 59: 71-78.
- Wilkerson JL, Webb SE, Capinera JL. (2005). Vegetable Pests III: Lepidoptera. UF/IFAS CD-ROM. SW 182.
- Van Driesche RG. 2008. Biological control of Pieris rapae in New England: Host suppression and displacement of Cotesia glomerata by Cotesia rubecula (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Florida Entomologist 1: 22-25.
- Pfiffner, L., Luka, H., Schlatter, C., Juen, A. and Traugott, M. 2009. Impact of wildflower strips on biological control of cabbage lepidopterans. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 129(1/3): 310-314.
- Russell, C. and Schultz, C.B. 2010. Effects of grass-specific herbicides on butterflies: an experimental investigation to advance conservation efforts. Journal of Insect Conservation 14(1): 53-63.
- Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, [A catalogue of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilioformes) of the former USSR. Second edition, reformatted and updated] (in Russian) Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 27
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- Leley, 2016. Annotated catalogue of the insects of Russian Far East. Volume II. Lepidoptera Cat. ins. Russian Far East. 2 : 1-812
外部链接
[编辑]维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源:菜粉蝶
维基物种上的相关信息:菜粉蝶
- 菜粉蝶 Pieris rapae. 台湾物种名录. 台湾: 中央研究院生物多样性研究中心 (中文(台湾)).
- Pieris rapae (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - Bold Systems (英文)
- Pieris rapae (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa (英文)
- Pieris rapae (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - Moth Photographers Group - 密西西比州立大学 (英文)
- Pieris rapae rapae (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - Butterflies of America (英文)
- Pieris rapae (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - euroButterflies (英文)
- Pieris rapae (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - Butterflies and Moths of North America (英文)
- Pieris rapae (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - Featured Creatures - 佛罗里达大学 (英文)
- Pieris rapae (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility (英文)
- Pieris rapae (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - Lepidoptera Larvae of Australia (英文)
- Pieris rapae (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - Lepiforum (德文)
- Pieris rapae (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - euroleps.ch (德文)
- Pieris rapae (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - pieris.ch (德文)
- Pieris rapae (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - Natural History Information System (德文)
- Pieris rapae (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - funet.fi (英文)
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